A Methodological Approach for Cumulative Effects Assessment: Assessing Road Transport Sector Sustainability

Authors(3) :-Shirina Afroze, Andrew Allan, Sekhar Somenahalli

The study focuses on a technique for sustainability assessment through cumulative effects assessment (CEA) of road transport sector, the performance of which relies on the performances of the factors (stressors) affecting the system. Planning for a system’s sustainability thus depends on the interconnectedness of system stressors and their degree of connectivity. Therefore CEA can be a potential analytical approach for sustainability assessment because it provides an integrated framework with environmental, social or economic considerations drawn from multiple stressors’ connectivity of any complex system. The study aims in conceptualizing the process to assess the degree of connectedness among the stressors affecting transport system through digraph and matrix analysis and conducting economic evaluation of the impacts on the system stakeholders. The innovative idea of the research is to account the synergistic effect of road transport sector (rather than accounting effects separately for different actions), which normally happens in a system when all the stressors prevail together. This approach can provide baseline scenarios to the motorized cities of developing countries (like Dhaka city of Bangladesh) through ‘what-if’ analysis, while opting for least cost (affect) generating system in conjunction with sustainability planning.

Authors and Affiliations

Shirina Afroze
School of Natural and Built Environment, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
Andrew Allan
School of Natural and Built Environment, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
Sekhar Somenahalli
School of Natural and Built Environment, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia

Cumulative Effect Assessment; Sustainability; Transport Sector; Dhaka City.

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  9. Caputo, R., Sboras, S., Pavlides, S. and Chatzipetros, A., 2015. ‘Comparison between single-event effects and cumulative effects for the purpose of seismic hazard assessment: a review from Greece’, Earth Science Reviews, vol. 148, pp. 94-120.
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  11. Cavalcanti, P.M.P.S. and Rovere, E.L.L., 2011. ‘Strategic environmental assessment of mining activities: a methodology for quantification of cumulative impacts on the air quality’, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 377-389.
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  21. Hegmann, G. and Yarranton, G.A.T., 2011. ‘Alchemy to reason: effective use of cumulative effects assessment in resource management’, Environmental Impact Assessment review, vol. 31, pp. 484-490.
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  25. Maddison, D., Pearce, D., Johansson, O., Calthrop, E., Litman, T. and Verhoef, E., 1996. The True Cost of Road Transport, Blueprint 5, Earthscan Publications, London.
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  27. Michiels, H., Mayeres, I.,  Panis, L.I.,  Nocker L.D.,  Deutsch F. and Wouter, L., 2012. ‘PM2.5 and NOx from traffic: Human health impacts, external costs and policy implications from the Belgian perspective’, Transportation Research Part D, vol. 17, pp. 569–577.
  28. Minor, E.S. and Urban, D.L., 2008. ‘A graph-theory framework for evaluating landscape connectivity and conservation planning conservation’, Biology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 297–307.
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  31. Rahman, M.S., 2008. ‘Future mass rapid transit in Dhaka city: options, issues and realities’, Journal of Jahangirnagar planning review, vol 6, pp. 69-81.
  32. Roberts, F.S., 1976. Discrete mathematical models with applications to social, biological, and environmental problems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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  37. Spaling, H., 1994. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: concepts and principles’, Impact Assessment, vol. 12, pp. 231– 252.
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  41. Therivel, R. and Ross, B., 2007. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: Does scale matter?’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol 27, pp. 365–385.
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  46. Wenger, R.B., Harris, H.J., Sivanpillai, R. and DeVault, D.S., 1999. ‘A graph-theoretic analysis of relationships among ecosystem stressors’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 57, pp. 109–122.
  47. Wootten, J.T., 1994. ‘Predicting direct and indirect effects: an integrated approach using experiments and path analysis’, Ecology, vol.75, pp. 151–165.
  48. Yi, X.,  Zhiyun, O.,  Jingzhu, Z., Baorong, H. and Chunquan, Z., 2010. ‘A graph-theoretic analysis of stressors confronting giant panda habitat across minshan mountain region, China’, Journal of Resources and Ecology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 339-344.

Publication Details

Published in : Volume 1 | Issue 4 | September-October 2015
Date of Publication : 2015-10-25
License:  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Page(s) : 62-69
Manuscript Number : IJSRST15147
Publisher : Technoscience Academy

Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Online ISSN : 2395-602X

Cite This Article :

Shirina Afroze, Andrew Allan, Sekhar Somenahalli, " A Methodological Approach for Cumulative Effects Assessment: Assessing Road Transport Sector Sustainability", International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology(IJSRST), Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Volume 1, Issue 4, pp.62-69, September-October-2015.
Journal URL : https://ijsrst.com/IJSRST15147
Citation Detection and Elimination     |      | |http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/39405-BAN/>
  • Afroze, S., Iqbal, A. and Shipin, O., 2011. ‘Dealing with Cumulative Effects (Impacts) in Asian Multi-Functional Wetlands’, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 54-62.
  • Alam, M.J.B. & Habib, K.M.N., 2003. ‘Effects of alternative transportation options on congestion and air pollution in Dhaka city’, Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 165-175.
  • Asha, R., Arora, R., Mathur, V.B., Sivakumar, K., Sathyakumar, S., Rawat, G.S., Johnson, J.A., Ramesh, K., Dimri, N. and Maletha, A., 2012. Assessment of cumulative impacts of hydroelectric projects on aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity in Alaknanda and Bagirathi basins, Uttarakhand, Technical report, Wildlife Institute of India.
  • Azad, A.K., Sultana, J. and Jahan, S 2003, ‘An economic evaluation of air pollution in Dhaka city’,  proceedings of International Conference on Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Eng., BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp.83-87.
  • Beevers, L., Douven, W., Lazuardi, H. and Verheij, H., 2012. ‘Cumulative impacts of road developments in floodplains’, Transportation Research Part D, vol. 17, pp. 398-404.
  • Bodini, A., Giavelli, G. and Rossi, O., 1994. ‘The qualitative analysis of community food webs: Implications for wildlife management and conservation’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 41, pp. 49–65.
  • Bunn, A.G., Urban, D.L. and Keitt, T.H., 2000. ‘Landscape connectivity: A conservation application of graph theory’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 59, pp. 265–278.
  • Caputo, R., Sboras, S., Pavlides, S. and Chatzipetros, A., 2015. ‘Comparison between single-event effects and cumulative effects for the purpose of seismic hazard assessment: a review from Greece’, Earth Science Reviews, vol. 148, pp. 94-120.
  • Caulfield, B. and Mahony, O.M., 2007.  ‘Evaluating the economic cost of air and noise pollution generated by transport’, European Transport Conference , Dublin, IE.
  • Cavalcanti, P.M.P.S. and Rovere, E.L.L., 2011. ‘Strategic environmental assessment of mining activities: a methodology for quantification of cumulative impacts on the air quality’, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 377-389.
  • Cooper, L.M., 2004. ‘Guidelines for cumulative effects assessment in SEA of plans’, EPMG Occasional Paper 04/LMC/CEA, Imperial College London.
  • CEQ, 1997. Considering Cumulative Effects under the National Environmental Policy Act, Council on Environmental Quality, Executive office of the President of the United States, Washington DC.
  • Counsell, D. and Haughton, G., 2001. Sustainability appraisal of regional planning guidance, Final Report, Centre for City and Regional Studies, The University of Hull. Accessed on 2 November 2012, http://www.hull.ac.uk/CCRS/pdf/DETR-SA_report4.pdf
  • Chowdhury, T. and Imran, M., 2010. Morbidity Costs of Vehicular Air Pollution: Examining Dhaka City in Bangladesh, SANDEE Working Papers: WP 47.
  • DEAT, 2004. Cumulative effects assessment, Integrated Environmental Management, Information Series 7, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), Pretoria.
  • EC, 2008. External Costs in the Transport Sector: A Critical Review of the EC-Internalisation Policy, Institute for Transport Economics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Franks, D.M., Brereton, D., Moran, C.J., Sarker, T. and Cohen, T., 2010. Cumulative Impacts - A Good Practice Guide For The Australian Coal Mining Industry. Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining & Centre for Water in the Minerals Industry, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland. Australian Coal Association Research Program. Brisbane. http://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/docs/CSRM%20SMI%20Good%20Practice%20Guide%20document%20LR.PDF
  • Gunn, J., and Noble, B.F., 2011. ‘Conceptual and methodological challenges to integrating SEA and cumulative effects assessment’, Environmental Impact Assessment review, vol. 31, pp. 154-160.
  • Hall, J.V., Winer, A.M., Kleinman, M.T., Lurmann, F.W.,  Brajer, V. and Volome, S.D., 1992. ‘Valuing the health benefits of clean air’,  Science, vol. 255, pp. 812-817.
  • Hegmann, G. and Yarranton, G.A.T., 2011. ‘Alchemy to reason: effective use of cumulative effects assessment in resource management’, Environmental Impact Assessment review, vol. 31, pp. 484-490.
  • Krupnick, A.J. and Portney, P.R., 1991. ‘Controlling urban air pollution: a benefit-cost assessment’, Science, vol.  252, pp. 522-528.
  • KU, 2011. What is sustainability?, Center for sustainability, University of Kansas, viewed 17 August 2012, http://www.sustainability.ku.edu/sustainability.shtml
  • Luque, S., Saura, S. and Fortin, M.J., 2012. ‘Landscape connectivity analysis for conservation: insights from combining new methods with ecological and genetic data’, Landscape Ecology, vol 27, no. 2, pp. 153-157.
  • Maddison, D., Pearce, D., Johansson, O., Calthrop, E., Litman, T. and Verhoef, E., 1996. The True Cost of Road Transport, Blueprint 5, Earthscan Publications, London.
  • Mahmood, M., Bashar, M.A. and Akhter, S., 2009. ‘Traffic management system and travel demand management (tdm) strategies: suggestions for urban cities in Bangladesh’, Asian Journal of Management and Humanity Sciences, vol. 4, no. 2-3, pp. 161-178.
  • Michiels, H., Mayeres, I.,  Panis, L.I.,  Nocker L.D.,  Deutsch F. and Wouter, L., 2012. ‘PM2.5 and NOx from traffic: Human health impacts, external costs and policy implications from the Belgian perspective’, Transportation Research Part D, vol. 17, pp. 569–577.
  • Minor, E.S. and Urban, D.L., 2008. ‘A graph-theory framework for evaluating landscape connectivity and conservation planning conservation’, Biology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 297–307.
  • PCA, 2007. Sustainability for survival: creating a climate for change, The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Standing committee for environment and heritage, House of Representatives publishing unit, Canberra.
  • Preiss, P. and Klotz, V., 2007. Description of updated and extended draft tools for the detailed site-dependent assessment of external costs, Technical paper no. 7.4 – RS 1b, NEEDS – New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability.
  • Rahman, M.S., 2008. ‘Future mass rapid transit in Dhaka city: options, issues and realities’, Journal of Jahangirnagar planning review, vol 6, pp. 69-81.
  • Roberts, F.S., 1976. Discrete mathematical models with applications to social, biological, and environmental problems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Senner, R., 2011. ‘Appraising the sustainability of project alternatives: An increasing role for cumulative effects assessment’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 31, pp. 502–505.
  • Small, K.A. and Kazimi, C., 1995. ‘On the costs of air pollution from motor vehicles’, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.  29, no. 1, pp. 7-32.
  • Small, K.A., 1977. ‘Estimating the air pollution costs of Transport modes’, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol. 11, pp. 109-132.
  • Smith, S.P. and Sheate, W.R., 2001. ‘Sustainability appraisals of regional planning guidance and regional economic strategies in england: an assessment’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 735-755.
  • Spaling, H., 1994. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: concepts and principles’, Impact Assessment, vol. 12, pp. 231– 252.
  • Stiff, K., 2001. ‘Cumulative effects assessment and sustainability: diamond mining in the slave geological province’, Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
  • STP, 2004. Strategic Transport Plan (STP) for Dhaka, Final Report 2004, Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
  • Sultana, M., 2010. Dhaka city traffic jam and planned solutions, The Financial Express Newspaper, 14 December 2010 issue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. >http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=119912&date=2010-12-14>
  • Therivel, R. and Ross, B., 2007. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: Does scale matter?’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol 27, pp. 365–385.
  • Urban, D.L. and Keitt, T.H., 2001. ‘Landscape connectivity: A graph-theoretic perspective’, Ecology, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1205-1218.Accessed:17/09/2012, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2679983
  • VTPI, 2011. Developing indicators for comprehensive and sustainable transport planning, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Canada.
  • WCED, 1987. Our common future: report of the world commission on environment and development, UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements, A/42/427, http://www.un-documents.net/k-001303.htm, accessed on 14 September 2012.
  • Weber, M., Krogman, N. and Antoniuk, T., 2012. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: linking social, ecological and governance dimensions’, Ecology and Society, vol. 17, no. 2.
  • Wenger, R.B., Harris, H.J., Sivanpillai, R. and DeVault, D.S., 1999. ‘A graph-theoretic analysis of relationships among ecosystem stressors’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 57, pp. 109–122.
  • Wootten, J.T., 1994. ‘Predicting direct and indirect effects: an integrated approach using experiments and path analysis’, Ecology, vol.75, pp. 151–165.
  • Yi, X.,  Zhiyun, O.,  Jingzhu, Z., Baorong, H. and Chunquan, Z., 2010. ‘A graph-theoretic analysis of stressors confronting giant panda habitat across minshan mountain region, China’, Journal of Resources and Ecology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 339-344.
  • " target="_blank"> BibTeX | http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/39405-BAN/>
  • Afroze, S., Iqbal, A. and Shipin, O., 2011. ‘Dealing with Cumulative Effects (Impacts) in Asian Multi-Functional Wetlands’, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 54-62.
  • Alam, M.J.B. & Habib, K.M.N., 2003. ‘Effects of alternative transportation options on congestion and air pollution in Dhaka city’, Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 165-175.
  • Asha, R., Arora, R., Mathur, V.B., Sivakumar, K., Sathyakumar, S., Rawat, G.S., Johnson, J.A., Ramesh, K., Dimri, N. and Maletha, A., 2012. Assessment of cumulative impacts of hydroelectric projects on aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity in Alaknanda and Bagirathi basins, Uttarakhand, Technical report, Wildlife Institute of India.
  • Azad, A.K., Sultana, J. and Jahan, S 2003, ‘An economic evaluation of air pollution in Dhaka city’,  proceedings of International Conference on Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Eng., BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp.83-87.
  • Beevers, L., Douven, W., Lazuardi, H. and Verheij, H., 2012. ‘Cumulative impacts of road developments in floodplains’, Transportation Research Part D, vol. 17, pp. 398-404.
  • Bodini, A., Giavelli, G. and Rossi, O., 1994. ‘The qualitative analysis of community food webs: Implications for wildlife management and conservation’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 41, pp. 49–65.
  • Bunn, A.G., Urban, D.L. and Keitt, T.H., 2000. ‘Landscape connectivity: A conservation application of graph theory’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 59, pp. 265–278.
  • Caputo, R., Sboras, S., Pavlides, S. and Chatzipetros, A., 2015. ‘Comparison between single-event effects and cumulative effects for the purpose of seismic hazard assessment: a review from Greece’, Earth Science Reviews, vol. 148, pp. 94-120.
  • Caulfield, B. and Mahony, O.M., 2007.  ‘Evaluating the economic cost of air and noise pollution generated by transport’, European Transport Conference , Dublin, IE.
  • Cavalcanti, P.M.P.S. and Rovere, E.L.L., 2011. ‘Strategic environmental assessment of mining activities: a methodology for quantification of cumulative impacts on the air quality’, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 377-389.
  • Cooper, L.M., 2004. ‘Guidelines for cumulative effects assessment in SEA of plans’, EPMG Occasional Paper 04/LMC/CEA, Imperial College London.
  • CEQ, 1997. Considering Cumulative Effects under the National Environmental Policy Act, Council on Environmental Quality, Executive office of the President of the United States, Washington DC.
  • Counsell, D. and Haughton, G., 2001. Sustainability appraisal of regional planning guidance, Final Report, Centre for City and Regional Studies, The University of Hull. Accessed on 2 November 2012, http://www.hull.ac.uk/CCRS/pdf/DETR-SA_report4.pdf
  • Chowdhury, T. and Imran, M., 2010. Morbidity Costs of Vehicular Air Pollution: Examining Dhaka City in Bangladesh, SANDEE Working Papers: WP 47.
  • DEAT, 2004. Cumulative effects assessment, Integrated Environmental Management, Information Series 7, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), Pretoria.
  • EC, 2008. External Costs in the Transport Sector: A Critical Review of the EC-Internalisation Policy, Institute for Transport Economics, University of Cologne, Germany.
  • Franks, D.M., Brereton, D., Moran, C.J., Sarker, T. and Cohen, T., 2010. Cumulative Impacts - A Good Practice Guide For The Australian Coal Mining Industry. Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining & Centre for Water in the Minerals Industry, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland. Australian Coal Association Research Program. Brisbane. http://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/docs/CSRM%20SMI%20Good%20Practice%20Guide%20document%20LR.PDF
  • Gunn, J., and Noble, B.F., 2011. ‘Conceptual and methodological challenges to integrating SEA and cumulative effects assessment’, Environmental Impact Assessment review, vol. 31, pp. 154-160.
  • Hall, J.V., Winer, A.M., Kleinman, M.T., Lurmann, F.W.,  Brajer, V. and Volome, S.D., 1992. ‘Valuing the health benefits of clean air’,  Science, vol. 255, pp. 812-817.
  • Hegmann, G. and Yarranton, G.A.T., 2011. ‘Alchemy to reason: effective use of cumulative effects assessment in resource management’, Environmental Impact Assessment review, vol. 31, pp. 484-490.
  • Krupnick, A.J. and Portney, P.R., 1991. ‘Controlling urban air pollution: a benefit-cost assessment’, Science, vol.  252, pp. 522-528.
  • KU, 2011. What is sustainability?, Center for sustainability, University of Kansas, viewed 17 August 2012, http://www.sustainability.ku.edu/sustainability.shtml
  • Luque, S., Saura, S. and Fortin, M.J., 2012. ‘Landscape connectivity analysis for conservation: insights from combining new methods with ecological and genetic data’, Landscape Ecology, vol 27, no. 2, pp. 153-157.
  • Maddison, D., Pearce, D., Johansson, O., Calthrop, E., Litman, T. and Verhoef, E., 1996. The True Cost of Road Transport, Blueprint 5, Earthscan Publications, London.
  • Mahmood, M., Bashar, M.A. and Akhter, S., 2009. ‘Traffic management system and travel demand management (tdm) strategies: suggestions for urban cities in Bangladesh’, Asian Journal of Management and Humanity Sciences, vol. 4, no. 2-3, pp. 161-178.
  • Michiels, H., Mayeres, I.,  Panis, L.I.,  Nocker L.D.,  Deutsch F. and Wouter, L., 2012. ‘PM2.5 and NOx from traffic: Human health impacts, external costs and policy implications from the Belgian perspective’, Transportation Research Part D, vol. 17, pp. 569–577.
  • Minor, E.S. and Urban, D.L., 2008. ‘A graph-theory framework for evaluating landscape connectivity and conservation planning conservation’, Biology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 297–307.
  • PCA, 2007. Sustainability for survival: creating a climate for change, The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Standing committee for environment and heritage, House of Representatives publishing unit, Canberra.
  • Preiss, P. and Klotz, V., 2007. Description of updated and extended draft tools for the detailed site-dependent assessment of external costs, Technical paper no. 7.4 – RS 1b, NEEDS – New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability.
  • Rahman, M.S., 2008. ‘Future mass rapid transit in Dhaka city: options, issues and realities’, Journal of Jahangirnagar planning review, vol 6, pp. 69-81.
  • Roberts, F.S., 1976. Discrete mathematical models with applications to social, biological, and environmental problems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Senner, R., 2011. ‘Appraising the sustainability of project alternatives: An increasing role for cumulative effects assessment’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 31, pp. 502–505.
  • Small, K.A. and Kazimi, C., 1995. ‘On the costs of air pollution from motor vehicles’, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.  29, no. 1, pp. 7-32.
  • Small, K.A., 1977. ‘Estimating the air pollution costs of Transport modes’, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol. 11, pp. 109-132.
  • Smith, S.P. and Sheate, W.R., 2001. ‘Sustainability appraisals of regional planning guidance and regional economic strategies in england: an assessment’, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 735-755.
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  • Spaling, H., 1994. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: concepts and principles’, Impact Assessment, vol. 12, pp. 231– 252.
  • Stiff, K., 2001. ‘Cumulative effects assessment and sustainability: diamond mining in the slave geological province’, Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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  • Therivel, R. and Ross, B., 2007. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: Does scale matter?’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol 27, pp. 365–385.
  • Urban, D.L. and Keitt, T.H., 2001. ‘Landscape connectivity: A graph-theoretic perspective’, Ecology, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1205-1218.Accessed:17/09/2012, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2679983
  • VTPI, 2011. Developing indicators for comprehensive and sustainable transport planning, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Canada.
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  • Weber, M., Krogman, N. and Antoniuk, T., 2012. ‘Cumulative effects assessment: linking social, ecological and governance dimensions’, Ecology and Society, vol. 17, no. 2.
  • Wenger, R.B., Harris, H.J., Sivanpillai, R. and DeVault, D.S., 1999. ‘A graph-theoretic analysis of relationships among ecosystem stressors’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 57, pp. 109–122.
  • Wootten, J.T., 1994. ‘Predicting direct and indirect effects: an integrated approach using experiments and path analysis’, Ecology, vol.75, pp. 151–165.
  • Yi, X.,  Zhiyun, O.,  Jingzhu, Z., Baorong, H. and Chunquan, Z., 2010. ‘A graph-theoretic analysis of stressors confronting giant panda habitat across minshan mountain region, China’, Journal of Resources and Ecology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 339-344.
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