Monosodium Glutamate, Commercial Production, Positive and Negative Effects on Human Body and Remedies - A Review

Authors

  • Zannara Mustafa  Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Sana Ashraf  Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Syeda Fareeha Tauheed  Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • Sikandar Ali  Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan

Keywords:

Poultry, Meat, Umami, hypertension

Abstract

Monosodium Glutamate is the salt of Glutamate (a most commonly found amino acid). It is used in meat, poultry, seafood, snacks, soups and stews to enhance the natural flavor which is specifically known as “Umami” taste. It is commercially prepared by different species of Corynebacterium. It was found to be very beneficial in taste improvement, recovering from hypertension and hemoglobin deficiency. However it has been found to have negative effects like toxicity, Chinese Resturant Syndrome and sleep disordered breathings. It also been found through different experiments that its negative effects can be reduced by Quercetin, Diltiazem and Vitamin C.

References

  1. Filer, L.J., and Stegink, L.D.1991Report of the proceedings of the glutamate workshopCritRevFood SciNutr., 34(2):159-174, 1994.
  2. Fernstrom, J.D.2000Second International Conference on Glutamate: Conference summaryJNutr., 130:1077S-1079S.
  3. Institute of Food Technologists’ Expert Panel on Food Safety and NutritionMonosodium GlutamateFood Technol., 41(5):143-145, 1987(a).
  4. Beauchamp, GK., and Pearson, P1991Human development and Umami tastePhysiol Behav; 49: 1009?1012.
  5. Adachi, A., and Aoyama, M1991Neuronal responses of the nucleus tractus solitarius to oral stimulation with Umami substancesPhysiol Behave; 49: 841?935.
  6. Baylis, LL., and Rolls, ET1991Responses of neurons in the primate cortex to glutamatePhysiol Behav; 49: 973?979.
  7. Beckstead, RM, Porse JR and Norgren R1980The nucleus of the solitary tract in the monkey, projections to the thalamus and brain stem nucleiJ Comp Neurol; 190: 259?282.
  8. Ikeda K2002 New SeasoningsChem Senses 27: 847-849.
  9. Chaudhari N, Landin AM and Roper SD2000A metabotropic glutamate receptor variant functions as a taste receptorNat Neurosci 3: 113-119.
  10. Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng Land Zhao G2002An aminoacid taste receptorNature 416: 199-202.
  11. Uneyama H, Niijima A, San Gabriel Aand Torii K2006 Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosaAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 291: G1163-G1170.
  12. Loliger, J2000Function and importance of glutamate for savory foodsJournal of Nutrition, 130, 915S-920S.
  13. Kurihara K1987Recent progress in the taste receptor mechanismIn: Kawamura Y, Kare MR, editorsUmami, a basic tasteNew York: Marcel Dekker: 3?39.
  14. Marui T, Harada Sand Kasahara Y1987Multiplicity of taste receptor mechanisms for amino acids in the carp, Cyprinus carpio LIn: Kawamura Y, Kare MR, editorsUmami, a basic tasteNew York: Marcel Dekker: 185?199.
  15. Brand JG, Teeter JH, Kumazawa T, Huque T and Bayley DL1991Transduction mechanisms for the taste of amino acidsPhysiol Behav; 49: 899?904.
  16. Yoshie S, Wakasugi C, Teraki Y, Kanazawa H, Iwanaga Tand Fujita T1991Response of the taste receptor cell to the Umami-substance stimulus, an electron-microscopic studyPhysiol Behav; 49: 887?889.
  17. Chaudhari N, Yang H, Lamp C, Delay E, Chartford C, Than T and Roper S1996The taste of monosodium glutamate, membrane receptors in taste budsJ Neurosci; 16:3817?3826.
  18. Bigiani A, Delay RJ, Chaudhari N, Kinnamon SC and Roper SD1997Responses to glutamate in rat taste cellsJ Neuro-Physiol; 77: 3048?3059.
  19. Christensen HN1990Role of amino acid transport and counter transport in nutrition and metabolismPhysiol Rev; 70:43?77.
  20. Aruffo, C., Ferszt, R., Hildebrandt, A.G., and Ce ?rvos-Navarro J.1987Low doses of l-monosodium glutamate promote neuronal growth and differentiation in vitroDev Neurosci; 9: 228?239.
  21. Bellisle F.1989Quantifying palatability in humansIn: The psychobiology of human eating disorders, preclinical and clinical perspectives, vol565New York: AnnN.YAcadSci: 363?374.
  22. Shi Z, Yuan B, Taylor AW, Dai Yand Pan X2011Monosodium glutamate is related to a higher increase in blood pressure over 5 years: findings from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study of Chinese adultsJ Hypertens 29: 846-853.
  23. Tarasoff Land Kelly MF1993Monosodium L-glutamate: a double-blind study and reviewFood Chem Toxicol 31: 1019-1035.
  24. Yang S, Liu S, Wang Y, Wan Hand Zhao D2011High blood pressure in Chinese ethnic minorities: report from rural Yunnan provinceAm J Hypertens 24: 1209- 1214.
  25. Zanda G, Franciosi P, Tognoni G, Rizzo Mand Standen SM1973A double blind study on the effects of monosodium glutamate in manBiomedicine 19: 202-20424.
  26. Khusun H, Yip R, Schultink W and Dillon DH1999World Health Organization hemoglobin cut-off points for the detection of anemia are valid for an Indonesian populationJ Nutr 129: 1669-1674.
  27. Muhilal, Permeisih D, Idjradinata YR, Muherdiyantiningsihand Karyadi D1988Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth, and survival of children: a controlled field trialAm J Clin Nutr 48: 1271- 1276.
  28. Shi Z, Yuan B, Taylor AW, Dal Grande Eand Wittert GA2012Monosodium glutamate intake increases hemoglobin level over 5 years among Chinese adultsAmino Acids 43: 1389-1397.
  29. Diniz YS, Fernandes AA, Campos KE, Mani F, Ribas BO and Novelli EL2004Toxicity of hypercaloric diet and monosodium glutamate: oxidative stress and metabolic shifting in hepatic tissueFood Chem Toxicol; 42(2):313?9.
  30. Farombi EO and Onyema OO2006Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in the rat: modulatory role of vitamin C, vitamin E and quercetinHum Exp Toxicol2006; 25(5):251?9.
  31. Pavlovic V, Pavlovic D, Kocic G, Sokolovic D, Sarac Mand Jovic ZAscorbic acid modulates monosodium glutamate induced cytotoxicity in rat thymusBratisl Lek Listy2009;110(4):205?9.
  32. Sharma A, Prasongwattana V, Cha'on U, Selmi C, Hipkaeo Wand Boonnate P2013Monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption is associated with urolithiasis and urinary tract obstruction in ratsPLoS One; 8(9):e75546doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075546.
  33. Sharma A, Wongkham C, Prasongwattana V, Boonnate P, Thanan Rand Reungjui S.2014 Proteomic analysis of kidney in rats chronically exposed to monosodium glutamatePLoS One; 9(12):e116233doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116233.
  34. Bashan N, Kovsan J, Kachko I, Ovadia H, Rudich APositive and negative regulation of insulin signaling by reactive oxygen and nitrogen speciesPhysiol Rev2009;89(1):27?71doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2008.
  35. Corda S, Laplace C, Vicaut E and Duranteau J2001Rapid reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria in endothelial cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by ceramideAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol2001; 24(6):762?8doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.24.6.4228.
  36. Stankiewicz A, Skrzydlewska Eand Makiela M2002Effects of amifostine on liver oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide administration to ratsDrug Metabol Drug Interact;19(2):67?82.
  37. Sundaresan M, Yu ZX, Ferrans VJ, Irani Kand Finkel T1995Requirement for generation of H2O2 for platelet-derived growth factor signal transductionScience; 270 (5234):296?9.
  38. Paul MV, Abhilash M, Varghese MV, Alex Mand Nair RH.2012Protective effects of alpha-tocopherol against oxidative stress related to nephrotoxicity by monosodium glutamate in ratsToxicol Mech Methods; 22(8):625?30doi:10.3109/15376516.2012.714008.
  39. Thomas M, Sujatha KSand George S2009Protective effect of Piper longum Linnon monosodium glutamate induced oxidative stress in ratsIndian J Exp Biol; 47(3):186?92.
  40. Leung JC, Ragland N, Marphis Tand Silverstein DM2008NMDA agonists and antagonists induce renal culture cell toxicityMed Chem; 4 (6):565?71.
  41. Richter C, Park JWand Ames BN1988Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensiveProc Natl Acad Sci U S A; 85(17):6465?7.
  42. Rubbo H, Radi R, Trujillo M, Telleri R, Kalyanaraman Band Barnes S1994Nitric oxide regulation of superoxide and peroxynitrite-dependent lipid peroxidationFormation of novel nitrogen-containing oxidized lipid derivativesJ Biol Chem; 269(42):26066?75.
  43. Stadtman ERand Levine RL2000Protein oxidationAnn N Y Acad Sci; 899: 191?208.
  44. Klahr S1997Oxygen radicals and renal diseasesMiner Electrolyte Metab;23(3?6):140?3.
  45. Vielhauer V, Anders HJ, Mack M, Cihak J, Strutz Fand Stangassinger M.2001Obstructive nephropathy in the mouse: progressive fibrosis correlates with tubulointerstitial chemokine expression and accumulation of CC chemokine receptor 2- and 5-positive leukocytesJ Am Soc Nephrol; 12 (6):1173?87.
  46. Jahr CE, and Stevens CF.1993Calcium permeability of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel in hippocampal neurons in cultureProc Natl Acad Sci U S A; 90(24):11573?7.
  47. Murphy TH, Miyamoto M, Sastre A, Schnaar RLand Coyle JT1989Glutamate toxicity in a neuronal cell line involves inhibition of cystine transport leading to oxidative stressNeuron; 2(6):1547?58.
  48. Zundorf G, Kahlert S, Bunik VIand Reiser G.2008alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase contributes to production of reactive oxygen species in glutamatestimulated hippocampal neurons in situNeuroscience;158(2):610?6doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.015.
  49. Geha, RS., Beiser, A., Ren, C., Patterson, R., Greenberger, PA., Grammer, LC., Ditto, AM., Harris, KE., Shaughnessy, MA., Yarnold, PR., Corren, Jand Saxon, A2000"Review of Alleged Reaction to Monosodium Glutamate and Outcome of a Multicenter Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study," The Journal of Nutrition, 130(4S Suppl): 1058S-62S.
  50. Zautcke, JL., Schwartz, JAand Mueller, EJ1986"Chinese Restaurant Syndrome: A Review," Annals of Emergency Medicine, 15(10), 1210-3.
  51. Freeman, M2006"Reconsidering the Effects of Monosodium Glutamate: A Literature Review," Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 18(10), 4826.
  52. Go G, Nakamura FH, Rhoads GG and Dickinson LE1973 Long-term health effects of dietary monosodium glutamateHawaii Med J 32: 13-17.
  53. Reif-Lehrer L.1977A questionnaire study of the prevalence of Chinese restaurant syndromeFed Proc 36: 1617-1623.
  54. Kerr GR, Wu-Lee M, El-Lozy M, McGandy R and Stare FJ1977Objectivity of food-symptomatology surveysQuestionnaire on the "Chinese restaurant syndrome"J Am Diet Assoc71: 263-268.
  55. Ancoli-IS, Kripke, D, F., Klauber MR, Fell R and Stepnowsky C1996Morbidity, mortality and sleep-disordered breathing in community dwelling elderlySleep 19: 277-282.
  56. Beyreuther K, Biesalski HK, Fernstrom JD, Grimm P and Hammes WP2007 Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate - an updateMonosodiumglutamateEur J Clin Nutr 61: 304-313.
  57. He, K., Du, S., Xun, P., Sharma, S., Wang, H., Zhai, Fand Popkin, B2011"Consumption of Monosodium Glutamate in Relation to Incidence of Overweight in Chinese Adults: China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)," The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(6): 1328-36.
  58. Hermanussen, Mand Tresguerres, JAF2003"Does High Glutamate Intake Cause Obesity?," Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(7), 965-8.
  59. Miskowiak, B., Limanowski, Aand Partyka, M1993"[Effect of Perinatal Administration of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) on the Reproductive System of the Male Rat]," Endokrynologia Polska, 44(4), 497-505.
  60. Das RS and Ghosh SK2010"Long Term Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on Spermatogenesis Following Neonatal Exposure in Albino Mice--A Histological Study," Nepal Medical College Journal, 12(3): 149-53.
  61. Eweka AO, Igbigbi PS& Ucheya, RE2011"Histochemical Studies of the Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on the Liver of Adult Wistar Rats," Annal of Medical & Health Sciences Research, 1(1): 21-9.
  62. Eweka AO, Eweka Aand Om'iniabohs FAE2010"Histological Studies of the Effects of Monosodium Glutamate of the Fallopian Tubes of Adult Female Wistar Rats," North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(3): 146-9.
  63. Hashem, HE., El-Din Safwat, MDand Algaidi, S2012"The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on the Cerebellar Cortex of Male Albino Rats and the Protective Role of Vitamin C (Histological and Immunohistochemical Study)," Journal of Molecular Histology, 43(2): 179-86.
  64. Onyema, OO., Farombi, EO., Emerole, GO., Ukoha, AIand Onyeze, GO2006 "Effect of Vitamin E on Monosodium Glutamate Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rats," Indian Journal of Biochemestry & Biophysics, 43(1), 20-4.
  65. Seiva, FRF., Chuffa, LGA., Braga, CP., Amorim, JPAand Fernandes, AAH2012"Quercetin Ameliorates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Improves Antioxidant Status in Postnatally Monosodium GlutamateInduced Metabolic Alterations," Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(10), 3556-61.
  66. Bojanic V, Bojanic Z, Najman S, Savic T, Jakovljevic V, Najman S and Jancic S2009"Diltiazem Prevention of Toxic Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on Ovaries in Rats," General Physiology and Biophysics, 28 Spec No, 149-54.

Downloads

Published

2017-06-30

Issue

Section

Research Articles

How to Cite

[1]
Zannara Mustafa, Sana Ashraf, Syeda Fareeha Tauheed, Sikandar Ali, " Monosodium Glutamate, Commercial Production, Positive and Negative Effects on Human Body and Remedies - A Review , International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology(IJSRST), Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp.425-435, May-June-2017.