Review on Antidepressant Medication

Authors

  • Sudhir R. Kaulage  Department of Pharmaceutics Arvind Gavali College of Pharmacy, Jaitapur, Satara, Maharashtra, India
  • Kiran T. Aldar  Department of Pharmaceutics Arvind Gavali College of Pharmacy, Jaitapur, Satara, Maharashtra, India
  • Rahul P. Jadhav  Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Maharashtra, India
  • Prakash D. Jadhav  Department of Pharmaceutics Arvind Gavali College of Pharmacy, Jaitapur, Satara, Maharashtra, India
  • Vishal D. Yadhav  Department of Pharmaceutics Arvind Gavali College of Pharmacy, Jaitapur, Satara, Maharashtra, India

DOI:

https://doi.org//10.32628/IJSRST1962118

Keywords:

Antidepressant medication, Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, Depression, Neurotransmitter.

Abstract

Depression is a life-threatening, debilitating, and common disease affecting different segments of community. Chemical and synthetic drugs available to treat this disease cause many adverse effects and may lead to complete recovery in only 50% of patients. Antidepressants are effective and accessible treatment options that can reduce suffering and prevent relapse of symptoms. They are recommended as first line treatment options in moderate and severe depression or mild or sub threshold depression that has persisted despite other interventions All current antidepressants, with the exception of agomelatine, increase the transmission of the monoamines, particularly serotonin, nor adrenaline and dopamine. The antidepressants are crucial for the treatment of depressive episodes in the acute phase when untreated symptoms are at their worst. With long-term use, however, the brain sets to work compensating for the drug-induced changes with a process he calls oppositional tolerance. Antidepressant drugs are the mainstay for the treatment of depression. Usually, antidepressants are given in combination with some form of limited supportive psychotherapy.

References

  1. Jennings, Leigh (2018). "Chapter 4: Antidepressants". In Grossberg, George T.; Kinsella, Laurence J. Clinical psychopharmacology for neurologists: a practical guide. Springer. pp. 45–71. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74604-3_4. ISBN 978-3-319-74602-9.
  2. World Health Organization. Mental Health. Depression. http://www.who.int/en/
  3. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Rice J, et al. The persistent risk of chronicity in recurrent episodes of nonbipolar major depressive disorder: a prospective follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:24-8.
  4. Mueller T, Leon A, Keller M, et al. Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow up. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1000-6.
  5. Anderson IM, Ferrier IN, Baldwin RC, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharm 2008;22:343-96.
  6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults. Clinical Guideline CG90. NICE, 2009. http://guidance. nice.org.uk/CG90.
  7. Artigas F,Nutt D,Shelton R.Mechanism of Action of Antidepressants. Psychopharm Bull 2002;36:(suppl 2):123-31.
  8. Stahl S. Novel mechanism of antidepressant action: norepinephrine and dopamine disinhibition plus melatonergic agonism. Int J Neuropsychopharm 2007;10:575-8
  9. Howland R., General health, health care utilization, and medical comorbidity in dysthymia, Int J Psychiatry Med 23, 211-238 (2005) .
  10. Wells K.B., Burnam M.A., Rogers W., Hays R., Camp P., The course of depression in adult outpatients Results from the Medical Outcomes Study, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 49, 788-794 (2002).
  11. Williams J.W. Jr, Kerber C.A., Mulrow C.D., Medina A. and Aguilar C., Depressive disorders in primary care: prevalence, functional disability and identification, J Gen Intern Med., 10, 7-12 (2008).
  12. Wagner R., Burns B.J., Yarnall K., Sigmon A., Walker R. and Gaynes B.N., Minor depression in family practice: functional morbidity, comorbidity, service utilization and outcomes, Psychol Med., 30(6), 1377-1390 (2000).
  13. Cooper-Patrick L., Crum R.M., Ford D.E., Characteristics of patients with major depression who received care in general medical and specialty mental health settings, Med Care, 32, 15-24 (2009) .
  14. Paykel E. and Priest R., Recognition and management of depression in general practice, consensus statement, BMJ 305, 1198-1202 (2002).
  15. Simon G.E., Von Korff M. and Durham M.L., Predictors of outpatient mental health utilization by primary care patients in a health maintenance organization, Am J Psychiatry, 151, 908-913 (2004).
  16. Song F., Freemantle N. and Sheldon T.A., et al., Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: meta-analysis of efficacy and acceptability, BMJ, 306, 683-687 (2006)
  17. Kessler R.C., Nelson C.B., McGongale K.A., Liu J., Swartz M. and Blazer DG., Comorbidity of DSMIIIR major depressive disorder in the general population, Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey, Br J Psychiatry, 168, 17-30 (2006).
  18. Regier D.A., Narrow W.E., Rae D.S., Manderscheid R.W., Locke B.Z. and Goodwin F.K., The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system, Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50, 85-94 (2005).
  19. Pincus H.A., Tanielian T.L. and Marcus S.C., et al., Prescribing trends in psychotropic medications, primary care, psychiatry and other medical specialities, JAMA, 279, 526-531 (2007).
  20. Simon G.E. and Von Korff M., Recognition, management, and outcomes of depression in primary care, Arch Fam Med., 4, 99-105 (2007).
  21. Gerber P.D., Barrett J., Barrett J., Manheimer E., Whiting R. and Smith R., Recognition of depression by internists in primary care, a comparison of internist and gold standard psychiatric assessments, J Gen Intern Med,. 4, 7-13 (2003).
  22. Klinkman M.S., Competing demands in psychosocial care, A model for the identification and treatment of depressive disorders in primary care, Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 19, 98-111 (2001).
  23. Borowsky S.J., Rubenstein L.V., Meredith L.S., Camp P., Jackson-Triche M. and Wells K.B., Who is at risk of nondetection of mental health problems in primary care, J Gen Intern Med,. 15, 381-388 (2000).
  24. Linde K., Mulrow C.D. and St. John's wort for depression, Cochrane Review, The Cochrane Library, (2008).
  25. US Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd ed, Alexandria, Va., International Medical Publishing, (2009).
  26. Allen, Arthur. "Coping With Side Effects of Depression Treatment" . WebMD. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  27. Birmes P, Coppin D, Schmitt L, Lauque D (2003). "Serotonin syndrome: a brief review" . CMAJ. 168 (11): 1439–42. PMC 155963 . PMID 12771076 .
  28. Boyer EW, Shannon M (2005). "The serotonin syndrome" (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (11): 1112–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMra041867 . PMID 15784664 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2013.
  29. Mason PJ, Morris VA, Balcezak TJ (2000). "Serotonin syndrome. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature". Medicine. 79 (4): 201–9. doi:10.1097/00005792-200007000- 00001 . PMID 10941349 .
  30. Sampson E, Warner JP (1999). "Serotonin syndrome: potentially fatal but difficult to recognize" . Br J Gen Pract. 49 (448): 867–8. PMC 1313553 . PMID 10818648 .
  31. Lewinsohn P.M., Seeley J.R., Roberts R.E.and Allen N.B., Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults, Psychol Aging., 12, 277- 287 (2007).
  32. Lustman P.J., Clouse R.E., Griffith L.S., Carney R.M. and Freedland K.E., Screening for depression in diabetes using the Beck Depression Inventory, Psychosom Med., 59, 24 (2011).
  33. Thase ME, Greenhouse JB, Frank E, et al. Treatment of major depression with psychotherapy or psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997; 54:1009-1015.
  34. Reynolds CF, Frank E, Perel JM, et al. Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. JAMA. 1999;281:39-45.
  35. Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1462-1470.
  36. Peretti S, Judge R, Hindmarch I. Safety and tolerability considerations: tricyclic antidepressants vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2000;403:17-25.
  37. Anderson IM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord. 2000;58:19-36.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology

Downloads

Published

2019-04-30

Issue

Volume 6, Issue 2, March-April-2019

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) IJSRST

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

[1]
Sudhir R. Kaulage, Kiran T. Aldar, Rahul P. Jadhav, Prakash D. Jadhav, Vishal D. Yadhav, " Review on Antidepressant Medication, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology(IJSRST), Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Volume 6, Issue 2, pp.580-587, March-April-2019. Available at doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST1962118