Air Quality Analyses for Photochemical Smog Associated with Atmospheric Aerosol Particles and Ozone Precursors Using CMAQ and CAMx Modeling Systems

Authors

  • Muhammad Ibrahim  Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria and Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hohai University Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China

DOI:

https://doi.org//10.32628/IJSRST196530

Keywords:

Photochemical Smog, Atmospheric Aerosol Particles, Ozone Precursors, CMAQ and CAMx

Abstract

Pollution due to air quality deterioration is directly or indirectly connected to the phenomenon of biogeochemistry (i.e the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that influence the composition of the natural environment) which in turn links to the human health. Human health and well-being, along with the well-being of animals, plants, and agricultural products, are solely dependent upon the quality of air we inhale. In response to the emission control threshold levels, prediction of how changes in emission levels could affect ambient air quality has been documented. The use of photochemical air quality models is becoming widely acceptable by various global regulatory agencies for the purpose of regulatory analyses and for the attainment exhibition by evaluating and assessing the effectiveness of control strategies. This review work tries to figure out the two most important and uncommon models namely; Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System. These modeling systems are used to predict, characterize, determine and simulate the photochemical air quality conditions. This paper gives a substantial detailed information of findings from related multidimensional studies carried out long ago and recently on photochemical smog analyses. Photochemical smog; causes and impacts on both the environment and living-being health were succinctly spelt out. Ozone formation and its different precursors; atmospheric aerosols; emission of biogenics as well as Ozone modeling phases were also discussed. The researcher still talks about the model formulations such as Zhang Model formulation; application and history of CMAQ and CAMx models respectively.

References

  1. Carter, W. P. L., Winer, A. M. and Pitts, J. N., Jr. (1982a); Effect of kinetic mechanisms and hydrocarbon composition on oxidant-precursor relationships predicted by the EKMA isopleth technique. Atmospheric Environment 16, 113-120.
  2. Carter, W. P. L., Atkinson, R., Winer, A. M., and Pitts, J. N., Jr. (1982b); Experimental investigation of chamber-dependent radical sources. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 14, 1071-1103.
  3. Chameides, W. L, Lindsay, R. W, Richardson, J., and Kiang, C. S (1988); The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study. Science 241: 1473-1474.
  4. Chatfield, R. B, Vastano, J. A, Li, L., Sachse, G. W., and Conners, V. S. (1998); The Great African plume from biomass burning: Generalizations from a three-dimensional study of TRACE A carbon monoxide. Journal of Geophysical Research 103: 28059-28078.
  5. Colella, P. and Woodward, P. (1984) Journal of Computer and Physics. 54, 174. Mathematic Science Net ADSzb MATH
  6. Dunker, A. M., Kumar, S. and Berzins, P. H. (1984); A comparison of chemical mechanisms used in atmospheric models. Atmospheric Environment 18, 31 l-321.
  7. Dockery, D. W, Pope, C. A, Xu, X. et al., (1993); An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. New England Journal of Medicine 329: 1753-1759.
  8. Dodge MC (2000); Chemical oxidant mechanisms for air quality modeling: Critical review. Atmospheric Environment 34: 2103-2130.
  9. EPA (2019); Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) retrieved on 2/9/2019 available at https://www.epa.gov/cmaq/cmaq-models-0
  10. Eschenroeder, A. Q. and Martinez, J. R. (1971); concept and applications of photochemical smog models; General Research Corporation, Santa Barbara, California 93105
  11. Fiore, A. M, Jacob, D. J, Bey, I., et al., (2002a); Background ozone over the United States in summer: Origin, trend, and contribution to pollution episodes. Journal of Geophysical Research 107(D15): 4275.
  12. Fiore, A. M, Jacob, D. J, Field, B. D, Streets, D. G, Fernandes, S. D, and Jang, C. (2002b); Linking ozone pollution and climate change: The case for controlling methane. Geophysical Research Letters 29(19): 1919.
  13. Fiore, A. M, Jacob, D. J, Logan, J. A, and Yin, J. H (1998); Long-term trends in ground level ozone over the contiguous United States, 1980-1995. Journal of Geophysical Research 103: 1471-1480.
  14. Fiore, A. M, Dentener, F. J, Wild, O., et al., (2009); Multi - model estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution. Journal of Geophysical Research 114: D04301.
  15. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., et al., (2007); Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, and Manning M, et al. (eds.) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
  16. Hoening, J. Q (2000); Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution: How Safe Is the Air We Breathe? Norwell/Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  17. Holgate, S. T, Samet, J. M, Koren, H. S, and Maynard, R. L. (eds.) (1999); Air Pollution and Health. London/San Diego: Academic Press.
  18. Jeffries, H. E., Sexton, K. G. and Salmi, C. N. (1981); Effects of chemistry and meteorology on ozone control calculations using simple trajectory models and the EKMA procedure. Final Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under contract No. 68-02-3523, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  19. Leone, J. A. and Seinfeld, J. H. (1984); comparative analysis of chemical Reaction Mechanisms for phytochemical smog; California institute of technology, Pasadena.
  20. Lippman, M. (ed.) (2000); Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  21. Lippman, M. and Schlesinger, R. B. (2000); Toxicological bases for the setting of health-related air pollution standards. Annual Review of Public Health 21: 309-333.
  22. Lumen (2019); chemistry and the real world retrieved on 25/08/2019 from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/photochemical-smog/
  23. Mauzerall, D. L., Narita, D., Akimoto, H. et al., (2000); Seasonal characteristics of tropospheric ozone production and mixing ratios over east Asia: A global three dimensional chemical transport model analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research 105: 17895-17910.
  24. Mauzerall, D. L. and Wang, X. (2001); Protecting agricultural crops from the effects of tropospheric ozone exposure: Reconciling science and standard setting in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 2001(26): 237-268
  25. Michou M., Brocheton F., Dufour A., Peuch VH. (2002) Surface Exchanges in the Multiscale Chemistry and Transport Model MOCAGE. In: Sportisse B. (eds) Air Pollution Modelling and Simulation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
  26. Mohan, S. Mariraj (2016) An overview of particulate dry deposition: measuring methods, deposition velocity and controlling factors; International Journal of Environmental Scienec Technology. 13:387 - 402, DOI 10.1007/s13762-015-0898-7
  27. Parrish, D. D, Dunlea, E. J, Atlas, E. L, et al., (2004); Changes in the photochemical environment of the temperate North Pacific troposphere in response to increased Asian emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research 109: D23S18.
  28. Pierce, T., Geron, C., Bender, L., Dennis, R., Tonnesen, G., and Guenther, A. (1998); Influence of increased isoprene emissions on regional ozone modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research 103: 25611-25630.
  29. Plainiotis, S.; Pericleous, K.A.; Fisher, B.E.A.; Shier, L. (January 2010). "Application of Lagrangian particle dispersion models to air quality assessment in the Trans-Manche region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France) and Kent (Great Britain)". International Journal of Environment and Pollution (IJEM). 40 (1/2/3): 160-174. doi:10.1504/IJEP.2010.030891]
  30. Pleim JE (2007) A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer, part I: model description and testing. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46:1383 - 1395
  31. Ramboll Environ (2016); CAMx Applications Worldwide Retrieved on 3/9/2019, available at http://www.camx.com/about/us-camx-applications.aspx
  32. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. (1998). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-471-17816-3.
  33. Shawn J. Rossele, Jonathan E. Pleim, and Kenneth, L. Schere (1997); development and testing of an improved photolysis rate model for regional photochemical modelling; presentation at the air and waste management association’s 90th annual meeting and exhibition, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 97 - RP94B.01
  34. Sillman, S., Vautard, R., Menut, L., and Kley, D. (2003); O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity and NOx-VOC indicators in Paris: Results from models and Atmospheric Pollution over the Paris Area ESQUIF measurements; Journal of Geophysical Research.
  35. Sillman, S. and Arbor, A. (2014); Tropospheric Ozone and Photochemical Smog; university press, university of Michigan.
  36. Simpson, D. (1995); Biogenic emissions in Europe 2; Implications for ozone control strategies. Journal of Geophysical Research 100: 22891-22906
  37. US Congress (1989); Catching Our Breath: Next Steps for Reducing Urban Ozone. Office of Technology Assessment OTA-O-412. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
  38. Wesely (1989) Wesely, M.L., Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmospheric Environment, 23, 6, 1293 - 1304, 1989.
  39. West, J. J, Fiore, A. F, Horowitz, L. W, and Mauzerall, D. L. (2006); Global health benefits of mitigating ozone pollution with methane emission controls. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(11): 3988 - 3993.
  40. Whitten, G. Z. (1981); Comments at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Workshop on the Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach, 15-16 December, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
  41. Wilson, R. and Spengler, J. D. (eds.) (1996) Particles in Our Air: Concentrations and Health Effects. Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University Press.
  42. Wilson, W. E. and Suh, H. H. (1997); Fine particles and coarse particles: Concentration relationships relevant to epidemiologic studies. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 47: 1238-1249.
  43. Zhang L, Vet R (2006) A review of current knowledge concerning size-dependent aerosol removal. China Particuol 4(6):272 - 282
  44. Zhang L, Gong S, Padro J, Barrie L (2001) A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module. Atmospheric Environ 35:549-560
  45. Zhang L, Fang GC, Liu CK, Huang YL, Huang JH, Huang CS (2012) Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of seven trace metal species at five sites in Central Taiwan - a summary of surrogate surface measurements and a comparison with model estimation. Atmospheric Chemistry Phys 12:3405 - 3417
  46. Zhang Zhihua & Chibiao Chen & Jian Sun & Kap Luk Chan (2003): "EM algorithms for Gaussian mixtures with split-and-merge operation." Pattern Recognition 36: 1973 - 1983
  47. Zheng M, Guo Z, Fang M, Rahn KA, Kester DR (2005) Dry and wet deposition of elements in Hong Kong. Mar Chemical 97:124 - 139

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology

Downloads

Published

2019-10-30

Issue

Volume 6, Issue 5, September-October-2019

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) IJSRST

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

[1]
Muhammad Ibrahim, " Air Quality Analyses for Photochemical Smog Associated with Atmospheric Aerosol Particles and Ozone Precursors Using CMAQ and CAMx Modeling Systems, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology(IJSRST), Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Volume 6, Issue 5, pp.224-235, September-October-2019. Available at doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST196530