A Review : Wetlands as Treasure of Earth by Providing Ecological Benefits, Threats to Wetlands and Conservation of Wetlands

Authors

  • Juhi Gajjar  Ph.D. Research scholar, Department of Botany, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
  • Dr. Hitesh Solanki  Professor, Department of Botany, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST218227

Keywords:

Wetlands, Water, Biodiversity, Conservation

Abstract

Wetlands are very important as they provide valuable services to human and ecology. It protects the land from flood, erosion and soil degradation. It is very important for biodiversity, as shelter for migratory birds. Water of wetlands are used for irrigation and drinking purposes. It is very important to know the quality of water and soil. As Wetlands has many threats due to human activities, access use of wetland products, irrigation and pollution. There are many projects for conservation of wetlands. It is necessary to take immediate action to protect wetlands.

References

  1. Abraham, S. (2015). The relevance of wetland conservation in Kerala. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 2(3), 01-05.
  2. Acharya Somen, Adak Tarun, (2009). Wetland management for sustainable development. Journal of soil and water conservation, vol.8, No.4, 25-29.
  3. Allen-Diaz, B., R. D. Jackson, K. W. Tate, and L. G. Oates. (2004). California Agriculture 58(3): 144-148.
  4. Balasubramanian, R., & Selvaraj, K. N. (2003). Poverty, private property and common pool resource management: The case of irrigation tanks in south India. SANDEE, Kathmandu, NP.
  5. Brock, M.A., Smith, R.G.B., Jarman, P.J., 1999. Drain it dam it: alteration of water regime in shallow wetlands on the New England Tableland of New South Wales, Australia. Wetlands Ecol. Manage. 7, 37–46.
  6. Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P., Van den Bert, M., 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253–260.
  7. Cowardin, L. M., & Golet, F. C. (1995). US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review. Classification and inventory of the world’s wetlands, 139-152.
  8. Fink, D.F., Mitsch, W.J., 2007. Hydrology and nutrient biogeochemistry in a created river diversion oxbow wetland. Ecol. Eng. 30 (2), 93–102.
  9. Fontaine, C. M., Dendoncker, N., De Vreese, R., Jacquemin, I., Marek, A., Van Herzele, A., & François, L. (2014). Towards participatory integrated valuation and modelling of ecosystem services under land-use change. Journal of Land Use Science, 9(3), 278-303.
  10. Golez, N.V., Kyuma, K., (1997). Influence of pyrite oxidation and soil acidification on some essential nutrient elements. Aquacult. Eng. 16, 107–124.
  11. Jiang, T.-T., Pan, J.-F., Pu, X.-M., Wang, B., Pan, J.-J., 2015. Current status of coastal wetlands in China: degradation, restoration, and future management, Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 164, 265–275.
  12. Lamers, L.P.M., van Diggelen, J.M.H., Op den Camp, H.J.M., Visser, E.J.W., Lucassen, E.C.H.E.T., Vile, M.A., Jetten, M.S.M., Smolders, A.J.P., Roelofs, J.G.M., 2012. Microbial transformations of nitrogen, sulfur and iron dictate vegetation composition in wetlands: a review. Front. Microbiol. 3, 1–12.
  13. Mitsch, W. J., Wu, X., Nairn, R. W., Weihe, P. E., Wang, N., Deal, R., & Boucher, C. E. (1998). Creating and restoring wetlands. BioScience, 48(12), 1019-1030.
  14. Mitsch, W.J., Gosselink, J.G., (2007). Wetlands, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
  15. Mitsch, W.J., Zhang, L., Stefanik, K.C., Nahlik, A.M., Anderson, C.J., Bernal, B.,Hernandez, M., Song, K., (1998). Creating wetlands: primary succession, water qualitychanges, and self-design over 15 years. Bioscience 62, 237–250.
  16. Moreno, D., Pedrocchi, C., Comin, F.A., Garcia, M., Cabezas, A., (2007). Creating wetlands for the improvement of water quality and landscape restoration in semi-arid zones degraded by intensive agricultural use. Ecol. Eng. 30 (2), 103–111.
  17. N Bassi, MD Kumar, A Sharma, P Saradhi, (2014). Status of wetlands in India: A review of extent, ecosystem benefits, threats and management strategies. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2, 1-19.
  18. Peterson, J. E., & Baldwin, A. H. (2004). Seedling emergence from seed banks of tidal freshwater wetlands: response to inundation and sedimentation. Aquatic Botany, 78(3), 243-254.
  19. Preston, E.M., Bedford, B.L., (1988). Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: a conceptual overview and generic framework. Environ. Manag. 12,565–583.
  20. Raich, J.W., Schlesinger, W.H., (1992). The global carbon-dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys.Meteorol. 44 (2), 81–99.
  21. Raje, S., Kertesz, R., Maccarone, K., Seltzer, K., Siminari, M., Simms, P., Wood, B., Sansalone, J., (2013). Green infrastructure design for pavement systems subject to rainfall-runoff loadings. Transp. Res. Rec. 2358, 79–87.
  22. Ramachandra, T.V., Kumar, U., (2008). Wetlands of greater Bangalore, India: automatic delineation through pattern classifiers. Electr. Green J. 1 (26), 1–22.
  23. Ramsar Convention Secretariat (2013). The Ramsar Convention Manual: A guide to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971). 6th ed. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland.
  24. Seneviratne, S.I., Lüthi, D., Litschi, M., Schär, C., (2006). Land–atmosphere couplingand climate change in Europe. Nature 443, 205–209.
  25. Seshamani R, Alex T K and Jain Y K. 1994. An airborne sensor for primary productivity and related parameters of coastal waters and large water bodies. International Journal of Remote Sensing 15: 1101—1108.
  26. Smakhtin, V., Revenga, C., & Döll, P. (2004). A pilot global assessment of environmental water requirements and scarcity. Water International, 29(3), 307-317.
  27. Suding, K.N., Gross, K.L., Houseman, G.R., 2004. Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19 (1), 46–53.
  28. Thorslund Josefin (2017), Wetlands as large-scale nature-based solutions: Status and challenges for research, engineering and management. Ecological Engineering 108 (2017) 489–497.
  29. USEPA, (2000). Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  30. Verhoeven, J. T. (2014). Wetlands in Europe: perspectives for restoration of a lost paradise. Ecological Engineering, 66, 6-9.
  31. Verhoeven, J.T.A., Arheimer, B., Yin, C., Hefting, M.M., (2006). Regional and global concerns over wetlands and water quality. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 96–103.
  32. Vymazal, J. (2011). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: five decades of experience. Environmental science & technology, 45(1), 61-69.
  33. Whigham, D. F., Jacobs, A. D., Weller, D. E., Jordan, T. E., Kentula, M. E., Jensen, S. F., & Stevens, D. L. (2007). Combining HGM and EMAP procedures to assess wetlands at the watershed scale—status of flats and non-tidal riverine wetlands in the Nanticoke River watershed, Delaware and Maryland (USA). Wetlands, 27(3), 462-478.
  34. Whitehouse, N. J., Langdon, P. G., Bustin, R., & Galsworthy, S. (2008). Fossil insects and ecosystem dynamics in wetlands: implications for biodiversity and conservation. Biodiversity and conservation, 17(9), 2055-2078.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology

Downloads

Published

2021-04-30

Issue

Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April-2021

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) IJSRST

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

[1]
Juhi Gajjar, Dr. Hitesh Solanki "A Review : Wetlands as Treasure of Earth by Providing Ecological Benefits, Threats to Wetlands and Conservation of Wetlands" International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology(IJSRST), Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Print ISSN : 2395-6011,Volume 8, Issue 2, pp.136-140, March-April-2021. Available at doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST218227