Phytochemical and Pharmacological Study of Thymus Vulgaris : A Review

Authors

  • Mohd Zubair Ashraf Department of Pharmacy, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India Author
  • S. Ramasamy Associate Professor/ Department of Pharmacy/MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST24114120

Keywords:

Thymus Vulgaris, Phytochemical, Pharmacological Activities, Therapeutic Effect, Pharmacognosy

Abstract

The thymus vulgaris is a kind of flowering plant native to southern Europe, ranging from the western part of the Mediterranean to southern Italy. It is additionally referred to as gardening thyme, German thyme, ordinary thyme, or simply thyme. The Lamiaceae family of mints includes it. Because it can be used in so many different products—including additives for food, medicines, and cosmetics—thyme is incredibly significant. Thyme leaves are used as aromatic spices, either dried or fresh, in various cooking applications, including stews, soups, sauces, and fish and meat dinners, as well as for flavouring liqueurs and herbal beverage preparations. This is because of the leaves' strong aroma. Bitter, diuretic, antioxidant, antirheumatic, disinfectant, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, heart, and expectorant properties are a few of thymus's therapeutic advantages, a noteworthy medicinal herb that comes strongly suggested. In addition, the plant helps with digestive problems, diabetes, chest infections, coughs, and colds. Flavonoids have promising properties as both antioxidants and antifungal agents. The current review article provides in-depth details on the thymus plant's pharmacological properties and variety of phytochemical.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Schwarz, K., Ernst, H., & Ternes, W. Evaluation of Antioxidative Constituents from Thyme. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture/Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 70(2), 217–223. (1996). https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199602)70:2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199602)70:2<217::AID-JSFA488>3.3.CO;2-P

Ibrahim, T., Alayan, H., & Mowaqet, Y. A. The effect of Thyme leaves extract on corrosion of mild steel in HCl. Progress in Organic Coatings, 75(4), 456–462 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.06.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.06.009

Stojanovic, R., Belscak‐Cvitanovic, A., Manojlovic, V., Komes, D., Nedovic, V., & Bugarski, B. Encapsulation of thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) aqueous extract in calcium alginate beads. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture/Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(3), 685–696. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4632

Hoseini, S. M., & Yousefi, M. Beneficial effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract on oxytetracycline-induced stress response, immunosuppression, oxidative stress and enzymatic changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Nutrition, 25(2), 298–309.(2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12853

Lee, M. H., Seo, H., & Park, H. J. Thyme oil encapsulated in halloysite nanotubes for antimicrobial packaging system. Journal of Food Science, 2017 82(4), 922–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13675 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13675

Lee, S., Umano, K., Shibamoto, T., & Lee, K. Identification of volatile components in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their antioxidant properties. Food Chemistry, 2005, 91(1), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.056

Hammad, M., Sallal, A., & Darmani, H. (2007). Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adhesion to buccal epithelial cells by an aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 5(4), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2007.00266.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2007.00266.x

Karaman S, Digrak M, Ravid U and Ilcim A, Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Thymus revolutus Celak from Turkey.J Ethnopharmacol 76:183–186 (2001). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00238-0

Kosar M, Dorman HJD and Hiltunen R, Effect of an acid treatment on the phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of extracts from selected Lamiaceae species. Food Chem 91:525–533 (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.029

Lee SJ, Umano K, Shibamoto T and Lee KG, Identification of volatile components in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their antioxidant properties. Food Chem 91:131–137 (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.056

Lee, Y. R., Lee, H., Oh, M., Kim, Y., & Park, H. Thyme extract alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced obesity and gut dysfunction. Nutrients, 2023, 15(23), 5007. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235007

Ismaili, H.; Milella, L.; Fkih-Tetouani, S.; Ilidrissi, A.; Camporese, A.; Sosa, S.; Altinier, G.; Della Loggia, R.; Aquino, R. In vivo topical anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of two extracts of Thymus satureioides leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 91, 31–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.11.013

Sagdic, O., Ozkan, G., Aksoy, A., & Yetim, H. Bioactivities of essential oil and extract of Thymus argaeus, Turkish endemic wild thyme. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture/Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89(5), (2009). 791–795. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3513

Consentino, S., C.I.G. Tuberoso, B. Pisano, M. Satta, E. Arzedi and F. Palmas. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 1999, 29: 130–135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.1999.00605.x

Deans, S.G., R.C. Noble, R. Hiltunen, W. Wuryani and L.G. Penzes, Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Syzygium aromaticu (L.) Merr Perry: impact upon bacteria, fungi and fatty acid levels in ageing mice. Flavour Fragrance J., 1995. 10: 323–328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730100507

European Pharmacopoeia, 1996. Saint Ruffine: Conseil de l’Europe Maisonneuve S.A. NCCLS. (1999). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 6th edition. Approved Standards, M2-A6, Wayne, Pennsylvania.

Agnieszka, N., Danuta, K., Malgorzata, P., & Agata, C. Effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oils on growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta. African Journal of Microbiology Research, (2013) 7(26), 3396–3404. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr12.1618 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.1618

Azaz AD, Irtem HA, Kurkcuoglu M and Baser KH (2004). Composition and the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of some Thymus species. J. Z. Naturforsch., 59(1-2): 75-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-1-216

Babaei M, Emami-Abarghoei M, Ansari R, Vafaei AA, Taherian AA, Akhavan MM, Tosi G and Mousavi S. Antispasmodic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris on the guinea-pig ileum. J. Natural Product Sciences, 22(13): (2008) 1143-1150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410601130257

Burt S. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods a review. Ind J Food Microbiol 2004; 94(3):223-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022

Heidari Z, Salehzadeh A, Sadat Shandiz SA, Tajdoost S. Anticancer and anti-oxidant properties of ethanolic leaf extract of Thymus vulgaris and its bio-functionalized silver nanoparticles. 3 Biotech 2018; 8(3):1-4. Kuete V. Thymus vulgaris. Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa. 2017:599-609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1199-x

Roby MH, Sarhan MA, Selim KA, Khalel KI. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenols and phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) extracts. Ind Crops Prod 2013; 43:827-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.029

Jain N, Sharma M. Screening of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against fungi causing dermatophytosis in human beings. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2017:236-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i10.20054

Prasanth Reddy V, Ravi Vital K, Varsha PV, Satyam S. Review on Thymus vulgaris traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Med Aromat Plants 2014; 3(164):2167-412.

Imelouane B, Amhamdi H, Wathelet JP, Ankit M, Khedid K, El Bachiri A. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. Int J Agric Biol 2009; 11(2):205-8.

Dauqan EM, Abdullah A. Medicinal and functional values of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herb. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2017;5(2):17-22.

Vineetha. 22 Amazing benefits and uses of Thyme. Health Beckon. 2014.

Horvathova E, Srancikova A, Regendova-Sedlackova E, Melusova M, Melus V, Netriová J, et al. enriching the drinking water of rats with extracts of Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris increases their resistance to oxidative stress. Mutagenesis. 2015:gev056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/gev056

Kozics K, Klusová V, Srančíková A, Mučaji P, Slameňová D, Hunáková Ľ, et al.Food Chem. 2013;141(3):2198-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.089

Dalle Zotte A, Cullere M, Sartori A, Szendrő Z, Kovàcs M, Giaccone V, et al.Meat Sci.2014;98(2):94-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.005

Dogu-Baykut E, Gunes G, Decker EA. Food Chem. 2014;157:167-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.027

Dal Bosco A, Gerencsér Z, Szendrő Z, Mugnai C, Cullere M, Kovàcs M, et al.Meat sci. 2014;96(1):114-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.06.021

Cerda A, Martínez ME, Soto C, Poirrier P, Perez-Correa JR, Vergara-Salinas JR, et al. Food Chem. 2013;139(1):138-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.044

Oramadike CE, Ogunbanwo ST. Antagonistic activity of Thymus vulgaris extracts against Vibrio species isolated from seafood. Journal of food science and technology. 2017 Apr 1; 54(5):1199-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2543-6

Eraky MA, El-Fakahany AF, El-Sayed NM, Abou-Ouf EA-R, Yaseen DI. Parasitol Res. 2016:1-9.

Begrow F, Engelbertz J, Feistel B, Lehnfeld R, Bauer K, Verspohl EJ. Impact of thymol in thyme extracts on their antispasmodic action and ciliary clearance. Planta Med 2010; 76(4):311-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1186179

Micucci M, Protti M, Aldini R, Frosini M, Corazza I, Marzetti C, et al. Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil solid formulation: Chemical profile and spasmolytic and antimicrobial effects. Bimolecular 2020; 10(6):860. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10060860

Miladi H, Slama RB, Mili D, Zouari S, Bakhrouf A, Ammar E. Essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties and antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens. Nat Sci 2013; 5(6):729-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2013.56090

Al-Balushi AH, Aljabri M, Akhtar MS, Said S, Weli A, Airiyami Q, et al. Antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities of Thymus vulgaris leaves grown in Oman. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2013;4(11):4253.

Ramchoun M, Harnafi H, Alem C, Benlyas M, Elrhaffari L, Amrani S. Study on antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of polyphenol-rich extracts from Thymus vulgaris and Lavendula multifida. Pharmacogn Res 2009; 1(3).

Fournomiti M, Kimbaris A, Mantzourani I, Plessas S, Theodoridou I, Papaemmanouil V, et al. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2015;26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.23289

Soković M, Glamočlija J, Ćirić A, Kataranovski D, Marin PD, Vukojević J, Brkić D. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and thymol on experimentally induced dermatomycoses. Drug Dev Indu Pharm 2008; 34(12):1388-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03639040802130053

Vigo E, Cepeda A, Perez-Fernandez R, Gualillo O. In vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Thymus vulgaris: Nitric oxide inhibition in J774A.1 murine macrophages. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004; 56(2):257-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357022665

Rezatofighi SE, Seydabadi A, Nejad SM. Evaluating the efficacy of Achillea millefolium and Thymus vulgaris extracts against Newcastle disease virus in Ovo. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7(2):e9016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.9016

Nolkemper S, Reichling J, Stintzing FC, Carle R, Schnitzler P. Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta Med 2006; 72(15):1378-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-951719

Kaewprom K, Chen YH, Lin CF, Chiou MT, Lin CN. Antiviral activity of Thymus vulgaris and Nepeta cataria hydrosols against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Thai J Veterinary Med 2017; 47(1):25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56808/2985-1130.2808

Furuhashi, M.; Koyama, M.; Higashiura, Y.; Murase, T.; Nakamura, T.; Matsumoto, M.; Sakai, A.; Ohnishi, H.; Tanaka, M.; Saitoh, S.; et al. Differential regulation of hypoxanthine and xanthine by obesity in a general population. J. Diabetes Investig. 2020, 11, 878–887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13207

Downloads

Published

29-07-2024

Issue

Section

Research Articles

How to Cite

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Study of Thymus Vulgaris : A Review. (2024). International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 11(4), 190-201. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST24114120

Similar Articles

1-10 of 40

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.