Salinity Stress and Its Alleviation in Plants: A General Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST2512364Keywords:
Phytoremidation, Proteomics, Metabolomics, Transcriptomics, Osmoprotection, Polyamines, Nitric oxide, NanoparticleAbstract
Agricultural salinization is one of the major and long-lasting abiotic stresses, as it hinders plant growth and development leading to physiological abnormalities that endanger global food security. This is primarily the result of salt build-up in the soil caused by human activities, including irrigation, inadequate growing, and excessive fertilization. Nearly 147 million ha of land are at the risk of soil degradation, with water erosion contributing to 94 million (ha), salinity/alkalinities/acidification for 23 million (50%), water depletion/flooding for 14 million (60%); wind erosion for 9 million and 7 million ha of a combination of factors arising from different forces. In order to ensure food security for the increasing population, the Indian government has set a goal to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land, including those affected by salt, by 2030. It is estimated that almost 10% of the added land becomes saline every year, and by 2050, about 50% of the arable land would be caused by salt. High levels of Na+ and Cl- ions in the soil subdues overall plant growth through ion imbalance, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, reduces nutrient uptake, reduction in yield, and damage to lipids, protein and DNA. In response to salinity stress, plants have developed a range of adaptive mechanisms such as ion homeostasis, osmoprotection, polyamines, nitric oxide, phytohormones and antioxidative defence system. This reviews tells about epigenetic regulation of salinity stress and various mitigation process to combat salinity stress like physical method (leaching, flushing and scrapping), chemical methods (Gypsum, zeolites, biochar, compost, and organic amendments) and biological methods (phytoremidation, bioremediation by use of PGPR, salt-tolerant bacteria, mycorrhiza, cynobacteria, use to various nanoparticle and some biotechnical tools like use of genome wide-association studies, salt-tolerant genes, proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics).
Downloads
References
A. Ageeva-Kieferle, 2019. Redox-dependent chromatin remodeling: a new function of nitric oxide as architect of chromatin structure in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, p.625.
A. Alexander et al., 2020. Halotolerant PGPR Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BJ01 induces salt tolerance by modulating physiology and biochemical activities of Arachis hypogaea. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, p.568289.
A. Avalbaev et al., 2016. Exogenous methyl jasmonate regulates cytokinin content by modulating cytokinin oxidase activity in wheat seedlings under salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology, 191, pp.101-110.
A. Banerjee & A .Roychoudhury, 2019. Melatonin application reduces fluoride uptake and toxicity in rice seedlings by altering abscisic acid, gibberellin, auxin and antioxidant homeostasis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 145, pp.164-173.
A. D. A. Santos et al., 2018. Antioxidant response of cowpea co-inoculated with plant growth-promoting bacteria under salt stress. brazilian journal of microbiology, 49, pp.513-521.
A. Ditta & M. Arshad, 2016. Applications and perspectives of using nanomaterials for sustainable plant nutrition. Nanotechnology Reviews, 5(2), pp.209-229.
A. El Sabagh et al., 2021. Salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the changing climate: Adaptation and management strategies. Frontiers in Agronomy, 3, p.661932.
A. Fini et al., 2011. Stress-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and the antioxidant machinery of plants. Plant Signaling&Behavior, 6(5), pp.709-711.
A. Frukh et al., 2020. Modulation in growth, biochemical attributes and proteome profile of rice cultivars under salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 146, pp.55-70.
A. Hashem et al., 2016. Induction of osmoregulation and modulation of salt stress in Acacia gerrardii Benth. by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bacillus subtilis (BERA 71). BioMed Research International, 2016.
A. Khan et al., 2016, Bacillus pumilus enhances tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) to combined stresses of NaCl and high boron due to limited uptake of Na+. Environmental and experimental botany, 124, pp.120-129.
A. Mhamdi et al., 2010. Catalase function in plants: a focus on Arabidopsis mutants as stress-mimic models. Journal of experimental botany, 61(15), pp.4197-4220.
A. N. Hostetler et al., 2021. QTL mapping in an interspecific sorghum population uncovers candidate regulators of salinity tolerance. Plant Stress, 2, p.100024.
A. Orzechowska et al., 2021. Thermal analysis of stomatal response under salinity and high light. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(9), p.4663.
A. Panda et al., 2021. Unraveling salt responsive metabolites and metabolic pathways using non-targeted metabolomics approach and elucidation of salt tolerance mechanisms in the xero-halophyte Haloxylonsalicornicum. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 158, pp.284-296.
A. Rahman et al., 2016. Calcium supplementation improves Na+/K+ ratio, antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in salt-stressed rice seedlings. Frontiers in plant science, 7, p.188581.
A. Raza, 2022. Metabolomics: a systems biology approach for enhancing heat stress tolerance in plants. Plant cell reports, 41(3), pp.741-763.
A. S. Warraich et al., 2020. Rice GWAS reveals key genomic regions essential for salinity tolerance at reproductive stage. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 42, pp.1-15.
A. Sarkar et al., 2018. A halotolerant Enterobacter sp. displaying ACC deaminase activity promotes rice seedling growth under salt stress. Research in microbiology, 169(1), pp.20-32.
A. Sarkar et al., 2018. Enhancement of growth and salt tolerance of rice seedlings by ACC deaminase-producing Burkholderia sp. MTCC 12259. Journal of plant physiology, 231, pp.434-442.
A.M. Abdel-Hamid & H.I. Mohamed, 2014. The effect of the exogenous gibberellic acid on two salt stressed barley cultivars. European Scientific Journal, 10(6).
B. Han et al., 2020. Changes and associations of genomic transcription and histone methylation with salt stress in castor bean. Plant and Cell Physiology, 61(6), pp.1120-1133.
B. T. Hamooh et al., 2021. Metabolomic and biochemical analysis of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars exposed to in vitro osmotic and salt stresses. Plants, 10(1), p.98.
B.M. Betzen et al., 2019. Effects of increasing salinity on photosynthesis and plant water potential in Kansas salt marsh species. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 122(1-2), pp.49-58.
C. A. Medina et al., 2020. Genome-wide association and prediction of traits related to salt tolerance in autotetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). International journal of molecular sciences, 21(9), p.3361.
C. Kaya, et al., 2013. Alleviation of salt stress-induced adverse effects on maize plants by exogenous application of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and inorganic nutrients-A field trial. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(2), pp.249-254.
C. Qin et al., 2020. Beneficial role of acetylcholine in chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthetic gas exchange in Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings under salinity stress. Plant Biology, 22(3), pp.357-365.
C. Rich-Griffin et al., 2020. Single-cell transcriptomics: a high-resolution avenue for plant functional genomics. Trends in plant science, 25(2), pp.186-197.
C. Uçarl, 2020. Effects of salinity on seed germination and early seedling stage. Abiotic stress in plants, 211, pp.211-231.
C. Yang et al., 2015. MAOHUZI6/ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE2 regulate ethylene response of roots and coleoptiles and negatively affect salt tolerance in rice. Plant Physiology, 169(1), pp.148-165.
C. Zörb et al., 2019. Salinity and crop yield. Plant biology, 21, pp.31-38.
C.S. Byrt et al., 2017. Non‐selective cation channel activity of aquaporin AtPIP2; 1 regulated by Ca2+ and pH. Plant, cell & environment, 40(6), pp.802-815.
Cho et al., 2021. Novel QTL identification and candidate gene analysis for enhancing salt tolerance in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Plant Science, 313, p.111085.
D. Camejo et al., 2015. Proteomic identification of mitochondrial carbonylated proteins in two maturation stages of pepper fruits. Proteomics, 15(15), pp.2634-2642.
D. Duarte-Delgado et al., 2020. Transcriptome profiling at osmotic and ionic phases of salt stress response in bread wheat uncovers trait-specific candidate genes. BMC Plant Biology, 20, pp.1-18.
D. J Gaikwad et al., 2022. Abiotic stresses impact on major cereals and adaptation options-A review. Research on Crops, 23(4), pp.896-915.
D. Rojas-Tapias et al., 2012. Effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on amelioration of saline stress in maize (Zea mays). Applied Soil Ecology, 61, pp.264-272.
D. Zhu et al., 2021. Integrated physiological and chloroplast proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves under salt and osmotic stresses. Journal of Proteomics, 234, p.104097.
D.Cui et al., 2015. QTL mapping for salt tolerance based on snp markers at the seedling stage in maize (Zea mays L.). Euphytica, 203, pp.273-283.
D.M. Almeida et al., 2017. Regulation of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in plants: towards improved salt stress tolerance in crop plants. Genetics and molecular biology, 40, pp.326-345.
Dagar, J.C. & Minhas, P. eds., 2016. Agroforestry for the management of waterlogged saline soils and poor-quality waters (pp. 5-32). Switzerland: Springer India.
Dahanayaka et al., 2017. QTL mapping for salinity tolerance using an elite rice (Oryza sativa) breeding population.
Do et al.,2018. Mapping and confirmation of loci for salt tolerance in a novel soybean germplasm, Fiskeby III. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 131, pp.513-524.
E. F. Abd Allah et al., 2018. Endophytic bacterium Bacillus subtilis (BERA 71) improves salt tolerance in chickpea plants by regulating the plant defense mechanisms. Journal of Plant Interactions, 13(1), pp.37-44.
E. Gamalero & B.R. Glick, 2015. Bacterial modulation of plant ethylene levels. Plant physiology, 169(1), pp.13-22.
E. Rezaei et al., 2021. Prioritisation of candidate genes in QTL regions for seed germination and early seedling growth in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) under salt-stress conditions. Crop and Pasture Science, 72(1), pp.1-16.
El-Hendawy et al., 2019. Assessment of the salt tolerance of wheat genotypes during the germination stage based on germination ability parameters and associated SSR markers. Journal of Plant Interactions, 14(1), pp.151-163.
F. Abdelgawad et al., 2019. Increasing ascorbic acid content and salinity tolerance of cherry tomato plants by suppressed expression of the ascorbate oxidase gene. Agronomy, 9(2), p.51.
F. Ahmad, 2021. Seed priming with gibberellic acid induces high salinity tolerance in Pisum sativum through antioxidants, secondary metabolites and up‐regulation of antiporter genes. Plant Biology, 23, pp.113-121.
F. J. Quintero et al., 2011. Activation of the plasma membrane Na/H antiporter Salt-Overly-Sensitive 1 (SOS1) by phosphorylation of an auto-inhibitory C-terminal domain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(6), pp.2611-2616.
F. Jalili et al., 2009. Isolation and characterization of ACC deaminase-producing fluorescent pseudomonads, to alleviate salinity stress on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth. Journal of plant physiology, 166(6), pp.667-674.
F. Li et al., 2008. The maize phytoene synthase gene family: overlapping roles for carotenogenesis in endosperm, photomorphogenesis, and thermal stress tolerance. Plant physiology, 147(3), pp.1334-1346.
F. Nejatzadeh, 2021. Effect of silver nanoparticles on salt tolerance of Satureja hortensis l. during in vitro and in vivo germination tests. Heliyon, 7(2).
F. Qi et al., 2018. Cadmium solubility and bioavailability in soils amended with acidic and neutral biochar. Science of the Total Environment, 610, pp.1457-1466.
F. Rasouli et al., 2020. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) guard cells responses to salinity stress: A proteomic analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7), p.2331.
F. Rossi et al., 2017. Cyanobacterial inoculation (cyanobacterisation): Perspectives for the development of a standardized multifunctional technology for soil fertilization and desertification reversal. Earth-Science Reviews, 171, pp.28-43.
F. Shaki et al., 2018. Growth enhancement and salt tolerance of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), by salicylic acid. Current Plant Biology, 13, pp.16-22.
F. Vetrano et al., 2020. Use of gibberellic acid to increase the salt tolerance of leaf lettuce and rocket grown in a floating system. Agronomy, 10(4), p.505.
G. Akbari et al., 2007. Effect of auxin and salt stress (NaCl) on seed germination of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS, 10(15), pp.2557-2561.
G. Gohari et al., 2020. Modified multiwall carbon nanotubes display either phytotoxic or growth promoting and stress protecting activity in Ocimum basilicum L. in a concentration-dependent manner. Chemosphere, 249, p.126171.
G. Gohari et al.,2020a. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) promote growth and ameliorate salinity stress effects on essential oil profile and biochemical attributes of Dracocephalummoldavica. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–14.
G. Kaur & B. Asthir, 2020. Impact of exogenously applied ABA on proline metabolism conferring drought and salinity stress tolerance in wheat genotypes. Cereal Research Communications, 48, pp.309-315.
G. Mythili & J.Goedecke, 2016. Economics of land degradation in India. Economics of land degradation and improvement–a global assessment for sustainable development, pp.431-469.
G. Zhao et al., 2019. Nitrate reductase-dependent nitric oxide is crucial for multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced plant tolerance against salinity. Nanoscale, 11(21), pp.10511-10523.
G. Zhu et al., 2019. Effects of gibberellic acid on water uptake and germination of sweet sorghum seeds under salinity stress. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 79(3), pp.415-424.
H. AbdElgawad et al., 2016. High salinity induces different oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in maize seedlings organs. Frontiers in plant science, 7, p.179763.
H. Guo et al., 2014. Genetic linkage map construction and QTL mapping of salt tolerance traits in Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica). PLoS One, 9(9), p.e107249.
H. Hossain et al., 2015. Mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with reproductive stage salt tolerance in rice. Journal of Agronomy and crop science, 201(1), pp.17-31.
H. Huang et al., 2019. Mechanisms of ROS regulation of plant development and stress responses. Frontiers in plant science, 10, p.800.
H. J. Zhan et al., 2014a. Melatonin promotes seed germination under high salinity by regulating antioxidant systems, ABA and GA 4 interaction in cucumber (C ucumis sativus L.). Journal of pineal research, 57(3), pp.269-279.
H. Li et al., 2017. Enhanced tolerance to salt stress in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings inoculated with the halotolerant Enterobacter cloacae HSNJ4. Applied Soil Ecology, 119, pp.26-34.
H. Li et al., 2019. Current states and challenges of salt-affected soil remediation by cyanobacteria. Science of the Total Environment, 669, pp.258-272.
H. Niron et al., 2020. Comparative transcriptome, metabolome, and ionome analysis of two contrasting common bean genotypes in saline conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, p.599501.
H. Punia et al., 2020. Proteome dynamics and transcriptome profiling in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] under salt stress. 3 Biotech, 10, pp.1-10.
H. Sun et al., 2017. Biochar applied with appropriate rates can reduce N leaching, keep N retention and not increase NH3 volatilization in a coastal saline soil. Science of the Total Environment, 575, pp.820-825.
H. Tang et al., 2020. Proteomics and metabolomics analysis of tomato fruit at different maturity stages and under salt treatment. Food Chemistry, 311, p.126009.
H. Wan et al., 2014. Identification of QTLs for salt tolerance at germination and seedling stage of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. Euphytica, 196, pp.117-127.
H. Wang et al., 2020. QTL analysis of salt tolerance in Sorghum bicolor during whole plant growth stages. Plant breeding, 139(3), pp.455-465.
H.B. BAL et al.,2013. Isolation of ACC deaminase producing PGPR from rice rhizosphere and evaluating their plant growth promoting activity under salt stress. Plant and soil, 366, pp.93-105.
H.F. Alharby et al., 2017. Impact of application of zinc oxide nanoparticles on callus induction, plant regeneration, element content and antioxidant enzyme activity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) under salt stress.
H.Q. Li & X.W.Jiang, 2017. Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) improves salt tolerance of maize seedling. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 64, pp.235-241.
I. M. Kadmiri et al., 2018. Phosphate-solubilizing and auxin-producing rhizobacteria promote plant growth under saline conditions. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43, pp.3403-3415.
I. Sharma et al., 2013. Exogenous application of brassinosteroid offers tolerance to salinity by altering stress responses in rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 69, pp.17-26.
I. Z. Zerrouk et al., 2016. A Pseudomonas strain isolated from date-palm rhizospheres improves root growth and promotes root formation in maize exposed to salt and aluminum stress. Journal of plant physiology, 191, pp.111-119.
I.B. Abdel-Farid et al., 2020. Effect of Salinity Stress on Growth and MetabolomicProfiling of Cucumis sativus and Solanum lycopersicum. Plants, 9(11), p.1626.
J .Barnes et al., 2002. Plant resistance to ozone: the role of ascorbate. Air Pollution and Plant Biotechnology: Prospects for Phytomonitoring and Phytoremediation, pp.235-252.
J. Atieno et al., 2017. Exploring genetic variation for salinity tolerance in chickpea using image-based phenotyping. Scientific Reports, 7(1), p.1300.
J. G. Scandalios, 1993. Oxygen stress and superoxide dismutases. Plant physiology, 101(1), p.7.
J. Jiang et al., 2020. H2S regulation of metabolism in cucumber in response to salt-stress through transcriptome and proteome analysis. Frontiers in plant science, 11, p.543704.
J. Li et al., 2020. Combined proteomics and metabolism analysis unravels prominent roles of antioxidant system in the prevention of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) against salt stress. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(3), p.909.
J. Liu et al., 2019. Enhancement of alfalfa yield and quality by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under saline‐alkali conditions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(1), pp.281-289.
J. Liu et al., 2019. Exogenous salicylic acid improves the germination of Limonium bicolor seeds under salt stress. Plant signaling&behavior, 14(10), p.e1644595.
J. M. Jesus et al., 2015. Phytoremediation of salt-affected soils: a review of processes, applicability, and the impact of climate change. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, pp.6511-6525.
J. Pan et al., 2020. Integrative analyses of transcriptomics and metabolomics upon seed germination of foxtail millet in response to salinity. Scientific reports, 10(1), p.13660.
J. Pospisilova et al., 2005. Interactions between abscisic acid and cytokinins during water stress and subsequent rehydration. Biologia Plantarum, 49, pp.533-540.
J. S. Singh, 2015. Plant–microbe interactions: A viable tool for agricultural sustainability Plant Microbes Symbiosis: Applied Facets, NK Arora (Ed.). Springer, New Delhi/Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London (2015). 384 pp., Price: 149.99€, ISBN: 9788132220671.
J. Saha et al., 2015. Polyamines as redox homeostasis regulators during salt stress in plants. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 3, p.21.
J. Sukweenadhi et al., 2018. A growth-promoting bacteria, Paenibacillusyonginensis DCY84T enhanced salt stress tolerance by activating defense-related systems in Panax ginseng. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, p.813.
J. Vangronsveld, & H. Clijsters, 1994. Toxic effects of metals. Plants and the chemical elements: biochemistry, uptake, tolerance and toxicity, pp.149-177.
J. Wan et al., 2020. Comparative physiological and metabolomics analysis reveals that single-walled carbon nanohorns and ZnO nanoparticles affect salt tolerance in Sophora alopecuroides. Environmental Science: Nano, 7(10), pp.2968-2981.
J. Wang et al., 1999. Overexpression of an Arabidopsis peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase gene in tobacco increases protection against oxidative stress. Plant and Cell Physiology, 40(7), pp.725-732.
J. We et al., 2018. application of zeolite in removing salinity/sodicity from wastewater: A review of mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, pp.1435-1446.
J. Y. Yue et al., 2020. Comparative metabolomic profiling in the roots of salt-tolerant and salt-intolerant maize cultivars treated with NaCl stress. Biologia plantarum, 64(1).
J. Zeng et al., 2017. Redox regulation of plant stem cell fate. The EMBO journal, 36(19), pp.2844-2855.
J. Zhan et al., 2018, Co-effects of salinity and moisture on CO2 and N2O emissions of laboratory-incubated salt-affected soils from different vegetation types. Geoderma, 332, pp.109-120.
J. Zhanget al., 2014b. GhMPK17, a cotton mitogen-activated protein kinase, is involved in plant response to high salinity and osmotic stresses and ABA signaling. PloS one, 9(4), p.e95642.
J. Zhu et al., 2020. Understanding mechanisms of salinity tolerance in barley by proteomic and biochemical analysis of near-isogenic lines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(4), p.1516.
J.C. Dagar et al., 2016. Eucalyptus geometry in agroforestry on waterlogged saline soils influences plant and soil traits in North-West India. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 233, pp.33-42.
J.P. Awasthi et al., 2018. Qualitative analysis of lipid peroxidation in plants under multiple stress through schiff’s reagent: a histochemical approach. Bio-protocol, 8(8), pp.e2807-e2807.
K. Atta et al., 2021. Effects of salinity, drought and heavy metal stress during seed germination stage in ricebean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi]. Plant Physiology Reports, 26(1), pp.109-115.
K. Ivushkin et al., 2019. Global mapping of soil salinity change. Remote sensing of environment, 231, p.111260.
K. M. Manjaiahet al., 2019. Clay minerals and zeolites for environmentally sustainable agriculture. In Modified clay and zeolite nanocomposite materials (pp. 309-329). Elsevier.
K. Nahar et al., 2016. Polyamines confer salt tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) by reducing sodium uptake, improving nutrient homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, p.1104.
K. Pandey et al., 2018. Effects of carbon-based nanomaterials on seed germination, biomass accumulation and salt stress response of bioenergy crops. PloS one, 13(8), p.e0202274.
K. Parvin et al., 2016. Modulation of ion uptake in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants with exogenous application of calcium under salt stress condition. Poljoprivreda, 22(2), pp.40-49.
K. Parvin et al., 2017. Salicylic acid enhances growth and productivity in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) grown under saline condition. Focus Sci, 3(1), pp.10-21859.
K. R. Sore et al., 2020. Genetic dissection and identification of candidate genes for salinity tolerance using Axiom® CicerSNP array in chickpea. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(14), p.5058.
K. Suzuk et al., 2016. OsHKT1; 4-mediated Na+ transport in stems contributes to Na+ exclusion from leaf blades of rice at the reproductive growth stage upon salt stress. BMC plant biology, 16, pp.1-15.
K. T. Win et al., 2018. The ACC deaminase expressing endophyte Pseudomonas spp. enhances NaCl stress tolerance by reducing stress-related ethylene production, resulting in improved growth, photosynthetic performance, and ionic balance in tomato plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 127, pp.599-607.
K. Taïbi et al., 2016. Effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems in Phaseolus vulgaris L. South African Journal of Botany, 105, pp.306-312.
L. Diouf et al., 2017. High-density linkage map construction and mapping of salt-tolerant QTLs at seedling stage in upland cotton using genotyping by sequencing (GBS). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(12), p.2622.
L. Long et al., 2020. Identification of NHXs in Gossypium species and the positive role of GhNHX1 in salt tolerance. BMC plant biology, 20, pp.1-13.
L. M. Mahmoud et al., 2020. Silicon nanoparticles mitigate oxidative stress of in vitro-derived banana (Musa acuminata ‘Grand Nain’) under simulated water deficit or salinity stress. South African Journal of Botany, 132, pp.155-163.
L. Rossi et al., 2019. Effects of foliar application of zinc sulfate and zinc nanoparticles in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 135, pp.160-166.
L. V. Kurepin et al., 2015. Stress-related hormones and glycinebetaine interplay in protection of photosynthesis under abiotic stress conditions. Photosynthesis research, 126, pp.221-235.
L. Xu et al., 2019. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance by promoting MYB108A-mediated ethylene biosynthesis in grapevines. Horticulture Research, 6.
L. Y. Wan et al., 2016. Exogenous melatonin improves growth and photosynthetic capacity of cucumber under salinity-induced stress. Photosynthetica, 54, pp.19-27.
L. Yang et al., 2013. Ethylene improves Arabidopsis salt tolerance mainly via retaining K+ in shoots and roots rather than decreasing tissue Na+ content. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 86, pp.60-69.
M. A. Hossain et al., 2014. Proline protects plants against abiotic oxidative stress: biochemical and molecular mechanisms. In Oxidative damage to plants (pp. 477-522). Academic press.
M. Amir et al., 2024. Phytofabricated gold nanoparticles as modulators of salt stress responses in spinach: implications for redox homeostasis, biochemical and physiological adaptation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, p.1408642.
M. C. Morales-Espinoza et al., 2019. Se nanoparticles induce changes in the growth, antioxidant responses, and fruit quality of tomato developed under NaCl stress. Molecules, 24(17), p.3030.
M. D. Meena et al., 2019. Municipal solid waste (MSW): Strategies to improve salt affected soil sustainability: A review. Waste management, 84, pp.38-53.
M. Faizan et al., 2021. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) induce salt tolerance by improvingthe antioxidant system and photosynthetic machinery in tomato. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 161, pp.122-130.
M. Farooq et al., 2015. Salt stress in maize effects resistance mechanisms and seedling vigor as affected by seed priming in coarse rice. Can J Botany, 84, pp.1196-202.
M. Farooq et al., 2022. Effect of different salts on nutrients uptake, gene expression, antioxidant, and growth pattern of selected rice genotypes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, p.895282.
M. G. Kibriaet al.,2017. Antioxidant defense mechanisms of salinity tolerance in rice genotypes. Rice Science, 24(3), pp.155-162.
M. Hasanuzzaman et al., 2021. Regulation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense in plants under salinity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(17), p.9326.
M. Iqbal et al., 2006. Seed enhancement with cytokinins: changes in growth and grain yield in salt stressed wheat plants. Plant growth regulation, 50, pp.29-39.
M. J. Kim et al., 2017. Plant growth promoting effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H-2-5 on crop plants and influence on physiological changes in soybean under soil salinity. Physiology and molecular biology of plants, 23, pp.571-580.
M. Khalid et al., 2017. Mitigation of salt stress in white clover (Trifolium repens) by Azospirillumbrasilense and its inoculation effect. Botanical studies, 58, pp.1-7.
M. Khataar et al., 2018. Soil salinity and matric potential interaction on water use, water use efficiency and yield response factor of bean and wheat. Scientific Reports, 8(1), p.2679.
M. Luo et al., 2017. Mapping of a major QTL for salt tolerance of mature field-grown maize plants based on SNP markers. BMC plant biology, 17, pp.1-10.
M. Luo et al., 2019. Mapping of quantitative trait loci for seedling salt tolerance in maize. Molecular Breeding, 39, pp.1-12.
M. Nadeem et al., 2020. Salinity-induced changes in the nutritional quality of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes.
M. R. Arif et al., 2019. Salinity stress alters root morphology and root hair traits in Brassica napus. Plants, 8(7), p.192.
M. Rui et al., 2016. Iron oxide nanoparticles as a potential iron fertilizer for peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Frontiers in plant science, 7, p.815.
M. Shahid et al., 2021. Colonization of Vigna radiata by a halotolerant bacterium Kosakoniasacchari improves the ionic balance, stressor metabolites, antioxidant status and yield under NaCl stress. Applied Soil Ecology, 158, p.103809.
M. Shahid et al., 2021. Colonization of Vigna radiata by a halotolerant bacterium Kosakoniasacchari improves the ionic balance, stressor metabolites, antioxidant status and yield under NaCl stress. Applied Soil Ecology, 158, p.103809.
M. Shakar et al., 2016. Calcium carbide induced ethylene modulate biochemical profile of Cucumis sativus at seed germination stage to alleviate salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 213, pp.179-185.
M. Soliman et al., 2020. Brassinosteroid seed priming with nitrogen supplementation improves salt tolerance in soybean. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 26, pp.501-511.
M. Yildiz & H. Terzi, 2013. Effect of NaCl stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis, proline, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in leaves of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive barley cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 19(2), pp.79-88.
M.A. Asif et al., 2020. Identification of salt tolerance QTL in a wheat RIL mapping population using destructive and non-destructive phenotyping. Funct. Plant Biol. 48 (2), 131–140.
M.A.Sobahan, 2018. Effect of exogenous proline and glycinebetaine on antioxidant enzymes activity in rice seedlings under salt stress. Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17(4), pp.211-218.
M.Chakrabarti, et al., 2020. Wide-ranging transcriptome remodelling mediated by alternative polyadenylation in response to abiotic stresses in Sorghum. The Plant Journal, 102(5), pp.916-930.
M.S. Al Hinai et al., 2022. Proline accumulation, ion homeostasis and antioxidant defence system alleviate salt stress and protect carbon assimilation in bread wheat genotypes of Omani origin. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 193, p.104687.
M.S.Hossain, 2019. Present scenario of global salt affected soils, its management and importance of salinity research. Int. Res. J. Biol. Sci, 1(1), pp.1-3.
M.Zaman et al., 2018. Soil salinity: Historical perspectives and a world overview of the problem. Guideline for salinity assessment, mitigation and adaptation using nuclear and related techniques, pp.43-53.
N. A. Yasin et al., 2018. Imperative roles of halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and kinetin in improving salt tolerance and growth of black gram (Phaseolus mungo). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, pp.4491-4505.
N. Ghosh et al., 2012. Variations of antioxidative responses in two rice cultivars with polyamine treatment under salinity stress. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 18, pp.301-313.
N. H. Nguyen et al., 2019. Chromatin remodeling for the transcription of type 2C protein phosphatase genes in response to salt stress. Plant physiology and biochemistry, 141, pp.325-331.
N. K. Denaxa et al., 2022. Salinity effect on plant growth parameters and fruit bioactive compounds of two strawberry cultivars, coupled with environmental conditions monitoring. Agronomy, 12(10), p.2279.
N. OraghiArdebili et al., 2019. Efficiency of selenium and salicylic acid protection against salinity in soybean. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 9(2), pp.2727-2738.
N. Pehlivan et al., 2016. Co-overexpressing a plasma membrane and a vacuolar membrane sodium/proton antiporter significantly improves salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Plant and Cell Physiology, 57(5), pp.1069-1084.
N. Sabaghnia & M. Janmohammadi, 2015, May. Effect of nano-silicon particles application on salinity tolerance in early growth of some lentil genotypes. In Annales universitatis mariae curie-sklodowska, sectio C–biologia (Vol. 69, No. 2, p. 39).
N. Zahr et al., 2021. Oxidative stress tolerance potential of milk thistle ecotypes after supplementation of different plant growth-promoting agents under salinity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 166, pp.53-65.
N. Zahr et al., 2022. Regulation of photosynthesis under salt stress and associated tolerance mechanisms. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 178, pp.55-69.
N.M. Alabdallah & H.S. Alzahrani, 2020. The potential mitigation effect of ZnO nanoparticles on [Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench] metabolism under salt stress conditions. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(11), pp.3132-3137.
N.Mallick & F.H.Mohn, 2000. Reactive oxygen species: response of algal cells. Journal of plant physiology, 157(2), pp.183-193.
O. I. Halima et al., 2019. Organic and inorganic remediation of soils affected by salinity in the Sebkha of Sed El Mesjoune–Marrakech (Morocco). Soil and Tillage Research, 193, pp.153-160.
P. Ahmad & S. Umar, 2011. Oxidative stress: role of antioxidants in plants. Stadium Press, New Delhi during abiotic stress in plants. Bot Res Intern, 2, pp.11-20.
P. Feng et al., 2022. Epigenetic regulation of plant tolerance to salt stress by histone acetyltransferase GsMYST1 from wild soybean. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, p.860056.
P. Filippou et al., 2021. Systems biology reveals key tissue-specific metabolic and transcriptional signatures involved in the response of Medicago truncatula plant genotypes to salt stress. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 19, pp.2133-2147.
P. Kerchev et al., 2016. Lack of GLYCOLATE OXIDASE1, but not GLYCOLATE OXIDASE2, attenuates the photorespiratory phenotype of CATALASE2-deficient Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 171(3), pp.1704-1719.
P. Kumar & P.K.Sharma, 2020. Soil salinity and food security in India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, p.533781.
P. Rathinapriya et al., 2020. The protective effects of polyamines on salinity stress tolerance in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), an important C4 model crop. Physiology and molecular biology of plants, 26, pp.1815-1829.
P. Singh et al., 2022. Salt stress resilience in plants mediated through osmolyte accumulation and its crosstalk mechanism with phytohormones. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, p.1006617.
P. Sundh et al., 2020. Can conjunctive use of gypsum, city waste composts and marginal quality water rehabilitate saline-sodic soils?. Soil and Tillage Research, 200, p.104608.
P. Swapnil & A. K. Rai, 2018. Physiological responses to salt stress of salt-adapted and directly salt (NaCl and NaCl+ Na 2 SO 4 mixture)-stressed cyanobacterium Anabaena fertilissima. Protoplasma, 255, pp.963-976.
P.Shrivastava & R.Kumar, 2015. Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 22(2), pp.123-131.
Q. Luo et al., (2021a). Mapping QTL for seedling morphological and physiological traits under normal and salt treatments in a RIL wheat population. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 134, pp.2991-3011.
Q. Luo et al., (2021b). Mapping QTL for agronomic traits under two levels of salt stress in a new constructed RIL wheat population. Theoretical and applied genetics, 134, pp.171-189.
Q. Ma et al., 2020. Complementary analyses of the transcriptome and iTRAQ proteome revealed mechanism of ethylene dependent salt response in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Food chemistry, 325, p.126866.
R. Goussi et al., 2018. Comparative analysis of salt stress, duration and intensity, on the chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic apparatus in Thellungiellasalsuginea. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 183, pp.275-287.
R. Hasana & H.Miyake, 2017. Salinity stress alters nutrient uptake and causes the damage of root and leaf anatomy in maize. KnE Life Sciences, pp.219-225.
R. K. Singh, 2021. Salt tolerance in rice: seedling and reproductive stage QTL mapping come of age. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 134, pp.3495-3533.
R. Munns et al., 2020. Osmotic adjustment and energy limitations to plant growth in saline soil. New Phytologist, 225(3), pp.1091-1096.
R. Nisha et al., 2018. Bioremediation of salt affected soils using cyanobacteria in terms of physical structure, nutrient status and microbial activity. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 15, pp.571-580.
R. Wang et al., 2020. Comparative transcriptome analysis of halophyte Zoysia macrostachya in response to salinity stress. Plants, 9(4), p.458.
R.K. Gupta & I.P.Abrol, 1990. Salt-affected soils: their reclamation and management for crop production. Advances in Soil Science: Soil Degradation Volume 11, pp.223-288.
R.M. Augé et al., 2015. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters stomatal conductance of host plants more under drought than under amply watered conditions: a meta-analysis. Mycorrhiza, 25, pp.13-24.
S. A. Shahid et al., 2018“Soil salinity: historical perspectives and a world overview of the problem,” in Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation using Nuclear and Related Techniques (Cham: Springer), 43–53. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_2
S. Abdoli et al., 2020. Responses of ajowan (Trachyspermumammi L.) to exogenous salicylic acid and iron oxide nanoparticles under salt stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, pp.36939-36953.
S. Amini et al., 2016. Salt-affected soils, reclamation, carbon dynamics, and biochar: a review. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16, pp.939-953.
S. Arora & V. Sharma, 2017. Reclamation and management of salt-affected soils for safeguarding agricultural productivity. J. Safe Agric, 1(1), pp.1-10.
S. Babu et al., 2015. Analysing the colonisation of inoculated cyanobacteria in wheat plants using biochemical and molecular tools. Journal of applied phycology, 27, pp.327-338.
S. Chittapun et al., 2018. Effects of using cyanobacteria and fertilizer on growth and yield of rice, Pathum Thani I: a pot experiment. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30, pp.79-85.
S. Dasgupta et al., 2015. Climate change and soil salinity: The case of coastal Bangladesh. Ambio, 44, pp.815-826.
S. H. Habib et al., 2016. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance salinity stress tolerance in okra through ROS-scavenging enzymes. BioMed Research International, 2016.
S. K. Sen et al., 2020. Improvisation of salinity stress response in mung bean through solid matrix priming with normal and nano-sized chitosan. International journal of biological macromolecules, 145, pp.108-123.
S. Karimi et al., 2020. Developing a nano-Fe complex to supply iron and improve salinity tolerance of pistachio under calcium bicarbonate stress. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 51(14), pp.1835-1851.
S. Khorobrykh et al., 2020. Oxygen and ROS in photosynthesis. Plants, 9(1), p.91.
S. M. Nadeem et al., 2013. Mitigation of salinity-induced negative impact on the growth and yield of wheat by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in naturally saline conditions. Annals of Microbiology, 63, pp.225-232.
S. M. Shaheen et al., 2019. Wood-based biochar for the removal of potentially toxic elements in water and wastewater: a critical review. International Materials Reviews, 64(4), pp.216-247.
S. M. Youssef et al., 2020. Mitigation of salinity stress on in vitro growth of Eustoma grandiflorum using zinc nanoparticles. Plant Arch, 2, pp.4547-4554.
S. Mandal et al., 2018. Current status of research, technology response and policy needs of salt-affected soils in India–a review. J. Indian Soc. Coast. Agric. Res, 36(2).
S. P. Kashyap et al., 2020. Understanding salt tolerance mechanism using transcriptome profiling and de novo assembly of wild tomato Solanum chilense. Scientific reports, 10(1), p.15835.
S. P. Yadav et al., 2019. Impact of salt stress on growth, productivity and physicochemical properties of plants: A Review. Int. J. Chem. Stud, 7(2), pp.1793-1798.
S. P. Zhao et al., 2017. Genome-wide analysis of the RAV family in soybean and functional identification of GmRAV-03 involvement in salt and drought stresses and exogenous ABA treatment. Frontiers in plant science, 8, p.905.
S. Saeidi-Sar et al., 2013. Effects of ascorbic acid and gibberellin A3 on alleviation of salt stress in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 35(3), pp.667-677.
S. Samadi et al., 2019. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on antioxidative responses, phenolic metabolism and photochemical activity of strawberry under salt stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 9(2), pp.2685-2694.
S. Sapre et al., 2018. Klebsiella sp. confers enhanced tolerance to salinity and plant growth promotion in oat seedlings (Avena sativa). Microbiological research, 206, pp.25-32.
S. Sapre et al., 2018. Klebsiella sp. confers enhanced tolerance to salinity and plant growth promotion in oat seedlings (Avena sativa). Microbiological research, 206, pp.25-32.
S. Sripinyowanich et al., 2013. Exogenous ABA induces salt tolerance in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.): the role of OsP5CS1 and OsP5CR gene expression during salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 86, pp.94-105.
S. Torabian et al., 2016. Effects of foliar spray of two kinds of zinc oxide on the growth and ion concentration of sunflower cultivars under salt stress. Journal of plant nutrition, 39(2), pp.172-180.
S. Yoshida et al., 2006. Cytosolic dehydroascorbate reductase is important for ozone tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant and cell physiology, 47(2), pp.304-308.
S. Yousefirad et al., 2020. The RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis reveals genes mediating salt tolerance through rapid triggering of ion transporters in a mutant barley. Plos one, 15(3), p.e0229513.
S.B. Nimse & D.Pal, 2015. Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms. RSC advances, 5(35), pp.27986-28006.
S.C. Lee & S. Luan, 2012. ABA signal transduction at the crossroad of biotic and abiotic stress responses. Plant, cell & environment, 35(1), pp.53-60.
Sharma, D.K., Singh, R., Singh, A. and Bhardwaj, A.K., 2015. CSSRI Annual Report 2014-15.
T. J. Purakayastha et al., 2019. A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security. Chemosphere, 227, pp.345-365.
T. S. Per et al., 2017. Approaches in modulating proline metabolism in plants for salt and drought stress tolerance: Phytohormones, mineral nutrients and transgenics. Plant physiology and biochemistry, 115, pp.126-140.
T. Shah et al., 2021. Seed priming with titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhances seed vigor, leaf water status, and antioxidant enzyme activities in maize (Zea mays L.) under salinity stress. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(1), p.101207.
T. Ushimaru et al.,1997. Induction of enzymes involved in the ascorbate-dependent antioxidative system, namely, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase, after exposure to air of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings germinated under water. Plant and Cell Physiology, 38(5), pp.541-549.
U. Akram et al., 2020. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of NHX gene family under salinity stress in Gossypium barbadense and its comparison with Gossypium hirsutum. Genes, 11(7), p.803.
V. B. Tognett et al., 2017. Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk. Plant, Cell & Environment, 40(11), pp.2586-2605.
V. K. Mishra et al., 2019. Feasibility of coal combustion fly ash alone and in combination with gypsum and green manure for reclamation of degraded sodic soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains: A mechanism evaluation. Land degradation & development, 30(11), pp.1300-1312.
V. R. R. Puram et al., 2018. Identification of QTLs for salt tolerance traits and prebreeding lines with enhanced salt tolerance in an introgression line population of rice. Plant molecular biology reporter, 36, pp.695-709.
V. Singh & D.V. Singh, 2015. Cyanobacteria modulated changes and its impact on bioremediation of saline-alkaline soils. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 44(4), pp.653-658.
V. Verm et al., 2016. Plant hormone-mediated regulation of stress responses. BMC plant biology, 16, pp.1-10.
W. Akram et al., 2019. Bacillus megaterium strain A12 ameliorates salinity stress in tomato plants through multiple mechanisms. Journal of plant interactions, 14(1), pp.506-518.
W. Chang et al., 2018. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis modulates antioxidant response and ion distribution in salt-stressed Elaeagnus angustifolia seedlings. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, p.338240.
W. Liang et al., 2018. Plant salt-tolerance mechanism: A review. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 495(1), pp.286-291.
X. W. Lin et al., 2015. Effects of biochar application on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration and crop growth in coastal saline soil. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 66, 329–338.
X. Wu et al., 2014. Alleviation of exogenous 6-benzyladenine on two genotypes of eggplant (Solanum melongena Mill.) growth under salt stress. Protoplasma, 251, pp.169-176.
X. X. Wu et al., 2012. Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on photosynthesis of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings under salt stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(35), pp.8665-8671.
X. Zhu et al., 2016. Role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in alleviating salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under ambient and elevated CO2. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 202(6), pp.486-496.
X.Ma et al., 2016. Cytokinin-mitigation of salt-induced leaf senescence in perennial ryegrass involving the activation of antioxidant systems and ionic balance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 125, pp.1-11.
Y. González-García et al., 2021. Effect of three nanoparticles (Se, Si and Cu) on the bioactive compounds of bell pepper fruits under saline stress. Plants, 10(2), p.217.
Y. H. Wang et al., 2019. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid and ascorbic acid improved tolerance of okra seedlings to NaCl stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 41, pp.1-10.
Y. Ishibashi et al., 2015. A role for reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidases in the embryo and aleurone cells in barley seed germination. PLoS One, 10(11), p.e0143173.
Y. Kim et al., 2018. Regulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by salicylic acid in rice plants under salinity stress conditions. PloS one, 13(3), p.e0192650.
Y. Lai et al., 2020. Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of molecular mechanisms responding to salt stress during seed germination in hulless barley. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(1), p.359.
Y. Miao et al., 2020. Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates salt stress by improving leaf photosynthesis and root system architecture in cucumber seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae, 272, p.109577.
Y. P. Singh et al., 2019. Plant and soil responses to the combined application of organic amendments and inorganic fertilizers in degraded sodic soils of Indo-Gangetic Plains. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 50(20), pp.2640-2654.
Y. P. Singh. 2018. Effect of organic and inorganic amendments on amelioration of sodic soil and sustaining rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 88(9), pp.1455-62.
Y. Wang et al., 2008. Genetic analysis of involvement of ETR1 in plant response to salt and osmotic stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 54, pp.261-269.
Y. Ye et al., 2020. Manganese nanoparticles control salinity-modulated molecular responses in Capsicum annuum L. through priming: A sustainable approach for agriculture. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(3), pp.1427-1436.
Z. Chen & D.R. Gallie, 2006. Dehydroascorbate reductase affects leaf growth, development, and function. Plant Physiology, 142(2), pp.775-787.
Z. Derakhshan et al., 2020. Metabolic contribution to salinity stress response in grains of two barley cultivars with contrasting salt tolerance. Environmental and experimental botany, 179, p.104229.
Z. H. Pinedo-Guerrero et al., 2020. Form of silica improves yield, fruit quality and antioxidant defense system of tomato plants under salt stress. Agriculture, 10(9), p.367.
Z. Haj-Amor & S.Bouri, 2019. Use of HYDRUS-1D–GIS tool for evaluating effects of climate changes on soil salinization and irrigation management. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science.
Z. Mirfattahi et al., 2017. Salinity induced changes in water relations, oxidative damage and morpho-physiological adaptations of pistachio genotypes in soilless culture. Acta agriculturaeSlovenica, 109(2), pp.291-302.
Z. Noohpisheh et al., 2021. Effect of the foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles on some biochemical and physiological parameters of Trigonella foenum-graecum under salinity stress. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 155(2), pp.267-280.
Z. Rahneshan et al., 2018. Effects of salinity stress on some growth, physiological, biochemical parameters and nutrients in two pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstocks. Journal of plant interactions, 13(1), pp.73-82.
Z. S. Zhang et al., 2018. Salt-tolerant and plant-growth-promoting bacteria isolated from high-yield paddy soil.
Z. Xu et al., 2021. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveal mechanism of tolerance to salt stress in oat (Avena sativa L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 160, pp.315-328.
FAO (2021). Global map of salt-affected soils. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/ cb7247en/cb7247en.pdf.
FAO, 2019. http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-management/management-of-some-problem soils/salt-affected-soils/more-information-on-salt-affected-soils/en/ accessed on 24-08-2019.
Rome, F.A.O., 2015. Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR)—Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils. Rome, FAO.
World Bank, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS accessed on 24 08-2019 World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
